Exam 3 Module 3 Flashcards
1
Q
A ____ phase system is a heterogeneous system where the internal phase is suspended in a continuous (external) phase
A
dispersed
2
Q
A dispersed phase system is a ______ system where the internal phase is suspended in a continuous (external) phase
A
heterogenous
3
Q
A dispersed phase system is a heterogeneous system where the ______ phase is suspended in a continuous (external) phase
A
internal
4
Q
A ____ liquid is a plastic (or pseudoplastic) liquid that, when left standing, is a restrictive network of interacting solutes
A
Answer: Thixotropic
5
Q
Along with NMF, ______applied to the skin help the skin retain water
A
humectant
6
Q
Among forces affecting interactions of suspensoid crystals are electrostatic _____ forces and Van der Waals ______ forces
A
repulsive, attractive
7
Q
Among the advantages of oral solutions are ______ drug availability
A
immediate
8
Q
Among the differences of the properties of different polysaccharide suspending agents are …..
A
rheological properties, charge, solubility, and viscosity grades
9
Q
Among the natural polysaccharides used as suspending agents is the very commonly used biosynthetic polymer _____
A
xanthan gum
10
Q
An advantage of ____ is that their application is relatively gentle, as they spread easily onto large areas with negligible mechanical shearing and without the runniness of some liquids
A
foams
11
Q
An _____ an agent that stops hemorrhages or secretions by precipitating proteins
A
astringent
12
Q
An astringent an agent that stops hemorrhages or secretions by precipitating _______
A
proteins
13
Q
Anhydrous absorption bases such as Aquaphor, have an ability to absorb water because they contain lipophilic ______
A
surfactants
14
Q
As depicted on total potential energy of interaction curve, suspensoid crystals may aggregate very ______ at close distances at the primary minimum
A
strongly
15
Q
As depicted on total potential energy of interaction curve, suspensoid crystals may aggregate very strongly at close distances at the ______
A
primary minimum
16
Q
As depicted on total potential energy of interaction curve, suspensoid crystals may aggregate weakly at the ______ minimum
A
secondary
17
Q
As particles in a suspension become _____ , total interfacial surface area in the system increases, and as a consequence, so does interfacial free energy
A
smaller
18
Q
As particles in a suspension become smaller, total interfacial surface area in the system increases, and as a consequence, so does interfacial _____
A
free energy
19
Q
As suppository bases, _____ can be hygroscopic, causing them to potentially absorb rectal water, leading to a localized epithelial dehydration, which can lead to lead to diarrhea or gas
A
PEGs
20
Q
As suppository bases, PEGs can be hygroscopic, causing them to potentially absorb rectal water, leading to a localized epithelial _____ , which can lead to lead to diarrhea or gas
A
dehydration
21
Q
As we age the number of taste buds (increase or decrease)
A
decreases
22
Q
As wetting agents, polymers can coat the hydrophobic particles with a multimolecular layer, imparting a (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) character to the particles
A
hydrophilic
23
Q
As _____ agents, solvents penetrate the loose agglomerates of powder displacing the air
A
wetting
24
Q
As wetting agents, solvents penetrate the loose agglomerates of powder displacing the ____
A
air
25
At very (low or high) humidity, humectants can take water away from the skin and have a drying effect
low
26
At very low humidity, humectants can take water away from the skin and have a ______ effect
drying
27
Be careful when applying topicals between buttocks, or under breasts, or axilla, because of their _____
Answer: natural occlusion
examples of intertrigenous areas
28
Belbuca is a ...
buccal film
29
BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene),BHA, and a-tocopherol are examples of ____
antioxidants
30
Bioavailability from buccal and SL drug delivery can be difficult to predict, because of anatomical ______ and some of the drug will be ______
variations, swallowed
31
Both SC cells and _____ spaces can take up a significant amount of water
interlamellar
32
Buccal and sublingual membranes (are or are not) keratinized
are not
33
Buccal epithelium is (thinner or thicker) than sublingual epithelium
thicker
34
Cells of the stratum corneum are dead and contain about ____ % w/w water
10-20
35
Compared to normal emulsions, microemulsions are thermodynamically (unstable or stable)
stable
36
Continental or dry gum method, the first step is to rapidly triturate _____ and _______
oil, gum
37
Drugs absorbed in the oral cavity enter the _____ vein rather than the hepatic portal vein
jugular
38
Due to the dominance of the SC as a barrier, nonpolar drugs are favored over polar drugs and _____ forms are favored over ____ forms
nonionized; ionized
39
Electrolytes can work as flocculating agents, by affecting the _____ barrier between particles
electric
40
Elixirs are clear, sweetened, ____ solutions intended for oral use, and are usually flavored to enhance their palatability
hydroalcoholic
41
Elixirs contain ______ with improves solubilizing capacity for poorly soluble drugs, but limits the amount of sugar that can be dissolved
alcohol
42
Emulsifiers with a low HLB are used to form (w/o or o/w) emulsions
w/o
43
Eucerin is an example of a _____ base
w/o emulsion
44
Examples of nonglycogenetic ____ include hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and methylcellulose
polysaccharides
45
Examples of _____ topical occlusives are dimethicone and other silicones
non-oleaginous
46
F, D, & C means the agent is approved for use in _____
food, drugs, and cosmetics
47
Fat can serve as a "____ compartment" for some drugs
deep
48
Fatty acid bases typically liquify in the rectum (slower or faster) than PEG bases
faster
49
Fentora is a buccal ____ that utilizes effervescence to alter the salivary pH to favor dissolution, then absorption
ODT
50
Fentora is a buccal ODT that utilizes _____ to alter the salivary pH to favor dissolution, then absorption
effervescence
51
Flavoring an acidic drug with a citrus flavor is an example of the ______ technique
blending
52
For a drug that is very susceptible to inactivation in the liver, which rectal veins would we ideally want to absorb the drug?
The lower and middle rectal veins becaues they drain into general circulation, bypassing hepatic first-pass.
53
For a pseudoplastic liquid, on the shelf, settling is _____ because of high viscosity, flow begins is soon as stress is applied
reduced
54
For a _____ liquid, shear rate is a linear function of shear stress
Newtonian
55
For a _____ liquids, viscosity changes with shear stress
Answer: non-Newtonian
These include plastic and pseudoplastic systems
56
For a ____ liquid, flow does not occur until a minimum shearing stress (the yield value) is reached
plastic
57
For a plastic liquid, flow does not occur until a minimum shearing stress (the _____ value) is reached
yield
58
For creams and ointments, apply ____ with gentle rubbing
thin films
59
For hydrogenated vegetable oil suppository bases, _____ can endow faster drug release by helping to mix the melted base with rectal fluids
emulsifiers
60
For surfactants to work as ____ agents, the hydrocarbon chain is adsorbed to the hydrophobic particle while the polar groups project into the aqueous medium
wetting
61
For surfactants to work as wetting agents, the ______ is adsorbed to the hydrophobic particle while the polar groups project into the aqueous medium
hydrocarbon chain
62
For suspensions, increased particle size (decrease or increase) settling rate
increases
63
For suspensions, increased viscosity _____ settling rate
reduces
64
For suspensions, (decreased or increased) particle density increases settling rate
increased
65
For the product Neoral softgel caps, the microemulsion forms (non-spontaneously or spontaneously) in the body
spontaneously
66
For _____ to work as wetting agents, hydrocarbon chain is adsorbed to the hydrophobic particle while the polar groups project into the aqueous medium
surfactants
67
Gels can be good for drug delivery because the _____ matrix can facilitate drug release and solvents can enhance penetration
porous
68
Gels can be good for drug delivery because the porous matrix can facilitate drug release and _____ can enhance penetration
solvents
69
Glycerin is an example of a _____ used in suppositories to reduce brittleness
toughening agent
70
Glycerin is an example of a toughening agent used in suppositories to reduce _____
brittleness
71
GoNitro is a ____ SL dosage form
powder
72
High ____ can help in taste masking by slowing diffusion of the drug to taste-buds
viscosity
73
High viscosity can help in taste masking by slowing _____ of the drug to taste-buds
diffusion
74
How does a suspension usually have a less pronounced distaste then a solution of the same drug?
Most of the drug is in the crystalline from, which is unavailable to taste bud receptors
75
If you do not want to calibrate a mold when compounding a suppository, which method should you use?
Double-Casting
76
In general, it can take (seconds or hours) for a drug to permeate the epidermis
hours
77
In SL NTG tablets, lactose can be used to _____ NTG, thereby reducing its evaporation
adsorb
78
In SL NTG tablets, lactose can be used to adsorb NTG, thereby reducing its ______
evaporation
79
In some cases, oral suspensions can have (slower or faster) onset than oral tablets, because tablet disintegration and particle wetting are bypassed.
faster
80
In the HLB system, the phase in which the surfactant emulsifier is most _____ becomes the continuous phase of the emulsion
soluble
81
In the HLB system, the phase in which the surfactant emulsifier is most soluble becomes the _____ phase of the emulsion
continuous
82
In the process of _____, small suspensoid particles dissolve, then supersaturate the solution, then recrystallize to larger crystals
Ostwald ripening
83
In the process of Ostwald ripening, (small or large) suspensoid particles dissolve, then supersaturate the solution, then recrystallize to larger crystals
small
84
In the product Zelapar (selegiline hydrochloride) Orally Disintegrating Tablet, the drug is meant be absorbed through the _____ epithelium
buccal
85
It is advised to dispense SL NTG tablets in their original _____ container
glass
To reduce evaporation
86
It is often recommended apply moisturizers within ____ of bathing/showering
Answer: 3 min
while the skin is still hydrated
87
It is often recommended to apply lotions as _____ and massage lightly until they disappear
drops
88
Microemulsions have particle sizes less than ____ in diameter
0.1 micrometers
89
Mixtures of different ____ are used as water-soluble ointment bases
PEGs
90
Most syrup vehicles used for oral liquids have an ____ pH
acidic
91
Nicorette is formulated with a buffer to raise the pH to 8.5 to increase drug ____
absorption
92
Occlusion of the skin blocks ____, leading to skin hydration at the site of occlusion
transepidermal water loss
93
Occlusion of the skin tends to (increase or decrease) hydration and drug penetration
increase
94
Occlusives in topical products inhibit transepidermal water loss by forming a ( hydrophobic or hydrophilic) layer on the surface of the skin
hydrophobic
95
Occlusives in topical products inhibit _____ by forming a hydrophobic layer on the surface of the skin
transepidermal water loss
96
One FTU of a cream should be able to cover ____hand palms
two
97
Oswald ripening can be accelerated by ______ fluctuations
temperature
98
Other than compression, _____ can be used to produce SL tablets
lyophilization
99
Pastes can be somewhat absorptive due to the high amount of ____
powder
100
Propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, urea*, alpha hydroxy acids are all examples of _____ type moisturizers
humectant
101
Rectal ____ offer greater retention and more uniform distribution within the sigmoid colon and rectum compared to an enema
foams
102
Repeated application of wet dressings can promote ____ of the skin
drying
103
Solutions are generally (more or less) chemically stable than suspensions
less
104
Solutions are generally less ____ stable than suspensions
chemically
105
Solutions are more ____ stable than dispersed systems
physically
106
Some drugs can bind to ____ in the stratum corneum
proteins and lipids
107
Some polysaccharides can work as flocculating agents by forming ___ between particles
bridges
108
Sublingual drug permeability is generally (greater or lesser) than buccal permeability
greater
109
Suboxone is a cellulose-based SL ____
film
110
Suspending agents slow down particle movement (including settling) by imparting ____ and structure to the system
viscosity
111
Suspending agents slow down particle movement (including settling) by imparting viscosity and ____ to the system
structure
112
Syrup, NF has insufficient free ____ for microbial growth, which makes it is self-preserving
water
113
Syrup, NF has insufficient free water for microbial growth, which makes it is ____
self-preserving
114
The "____" reaction, which includes flushing, N&V can occur when taking alcohol-containing products with certain drugs
disulfiram-like
115
The "{{c2::disulfiram-like}}" reaction, which includes flushing, N&V can occur when taking _____-containing products with certain drugs
alcohol
116
The amount dispensed from a typical tube, reaching from the finger tip to the first crease of the index finger about ___ g
0.5 g
117
The appropriate water used in oral liquids is ____ USP
Answer: Purified Water
Ordinary tap water contains many inorganic and organic impurities, include dissolved inorganics (e.g., Ca++, Fe++, sulfates) and organic matter
118
The fluidity of lotions facilitates application to ___ and intertriginous areas
hirsute
119
The formation of a nonredispersible sediment within a suspension is called _____
caking
120
The initial emulsion formed in the dry gum method is called the ____ emulsion
primary
121
The joining of two or more droplets in an emulsion is an example of ____
coalescence
122
The most significant skin barrier to drug penetration is the ___
stratum corneum
123
The rheology of pharmaceutical liquids can be described by plotting shear rate as a function of shear stress, where the slope is ______
inverse viscosity
124
The stratum _____ is comprised of flattened, enlarged, overlapping cells interspersed with a continuous sheet of intercellular lipids
corneum
125
The stratum corneum is comprised of flattened, enlarged, overlapping cells interspersed with a continuous sheet of ______
intercellular lipids
126
The upward movement of the dispersed phase relative to the continuous phase in an emulsion is called _____
creaming
127
The viable epidermis contains many _____ including those for the prodrug tazorotene
drug-metabolizing enzymes
128
The water washable emulsion bases are ____ emulsions
o/w
129
The ____ is the largest skin component
dermis
130
The ____ pathway through the skin is through ordered lipid layers, interspersed by water layers
paracellular
131
The ____ to overcome in mixing the two immiscible liquids can be measured by the interfacial tension
force
132
The force to overcome in mixing the two immiscible liquids can be measured by the _______
interfacial tension
133
Thresholds for _____ substances are the lowest, while thresholds for sweet and salty tastes are the highest
bitter
134
Thresholds for bitter substances are the ____, while thresholds for sweet and salty tastes are the highest
lowest
135
To increase the interfacial surface area (dA) between water and oil, energy must be added to the system. This is equal to the ______
interfacial free energy
136
Transappendageal normally not significant because appendages cover a small fraction of _____
skin surface area
137
Under optimal conditions, after application of an o/w cream base the drug ____ without crystallizing out
concentrates
138
Under optimal conditions, after application of an o/w cream base the drug concentrates without ____
crystallizing out
139
Upon application of o/w creams, the external phase evaporates and the application shrinks to a _____
thin film
140
Using a flavor that is stronger than the drug flavor is an example of the ____ technique.
overshadowing
141
Water-____ ointment bases are usually made for a mixture of PEGs
soluble
142
Water-soluble ointment bases are usually made for a mixture of _____
PEGs
143
Waxy substances are often present in topical to increase ______ and/or reduce the tackiness of sticky ointments and creams
stiffness
144
Waxy substances are often present in topical to increase stiffness and/or reduce the ____ of sticky ointments and creams
tackiness
145
What are the three most common cosolvents used for oral liquids?
Alcohol, glycerin/glycerol, propylene glycol
146
What are the two major differences between administering a suppository to an infant patient and an adult patient?
The finger used (adult = index finger, infant = pinky finger)
147
What characteristic of the rectum is responsible for a relatively low absorptive surface area?
The lack of villi
148
What is a physical sign that you heated cocoa butter too hot during compounding?
The color will be clear yellow (not the desired creamy/hazy color). Clear yellow indicates the alpha form.
149
What is an important consideration when compounding a suppository with cocoa butter?
Temperature is a comportant consideration due to its ability to undergo polymorphism.
150
When administering a rectal suppository, you can lie on your side, with your (lower or upper) leg bent forward
upper
151
When counseling a patient on suppository administration, how long should you tell them to remain lying down?
15 minutes
152
When half of a suppository is prescribed, why is the direction of the cut important?
Settling may occur during hardening, therefore cutting lengthwise will achieve a more accurate dose.
153
When is drug released from a suppository containing an oleaginous base?
The drug is released after melting.
154
When making oral suspensions of poorly soluble drugs, their ____ often requires the use of wetting agents to prevent the crystals from clumping together
hydrophobicity
155
When making oral suspensions of poorly soluble drugs, their hydrophobicity often requires the use of ____ to prevent the crystals from clumping together
wetting agents
156
When suspensoid crystals are _____, they are weakly held together at the secondary minimum in the total potential energy of interaction curve
flocculated
157
When suspensoid crystals are flocculated, they are weakly held together at the ____ minimum in the total potential energy of interaction curve
secondary
158
Which of the following does not function well as a preservative until it reaches at least a 15-20% v/v?sorbic acid, alcohol, benzoic acid, propylparaben
alcohol
159
Which suppository base is often used for constipation? What is an important counseling point regarding this specific type of suppository?
Glycerin - can irritate upon insertion due to hygroscopicity.
160
Why are solutions of s drug sometimes have more pronounced distaste compared to suspensions of the same drug?
Drug in solution can interact with taste bud chemoreceptors
161
Why is fentanyl a good candidate for buccal and SL delivery?
1. very lipophilic
| 2. high hepatic and intestinal first pass
162
With the technique of _____, particles break apart as they collide against each other in a high pressure airstream
jet-milling
163
With the technique of jet-milling, particles break apart as they collide against each other in a high pressure _____
airstream
164
With the technique of _____, the drug is dissolved in a solvent and the solution is sent into a heated chamber as a fine spray
spray-drying
165
____ is a sweetener that has fair heat stability
Aspartame
166
____ are liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin (a cotton derivative) dissolved in a solvent mixture
Collodions
167
____ in topicals can help keep drugs in solution after application of the dosage form
Cosolvents
168
_____ are defined as preparations containing a mixture of two (or more) immiscible liquids, one of which is uniformly dispersed as droplets throughout the other
Emulsions
169
Emulsions are defined as preparations containing a mixture of two (or more) (miscible or immiscible) liquids, one of which is uniformly dispersed as droplets throughout the other
immiscible
170
____ are fluids designed to be delivered rectally
Enemas
171
____ are semisolid systems in which a liquid phase is constrained within an interlocked, polymeric matrix of a natural or synthetic gum
Gels
172
Gels are semisolid systems in which a liquid phase is constrained within an interlocked, polymeric matrix of a natural or synthetic ____
gum
173
____ are fluid emulsions or suspensions for external application
Lotions
174
____ can be valuable for acutely inflamed areas because their evaporation cools and soothes the skin
Lotions
175
Lotions can be valuable for acutely inflamed areas because their ____ cools and soothes the skin
evaporation
176
____ ointment bases are the most occlusive of the ointment bases
Oleaginous
177
_____ are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread upon a suitable backing material and intended for prolonged external application to part of the body
Plasters
178
_____ is a cosolvent that can have toxic effects in infants, because it is metabolized by the alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme pathway that does not attain full adult activity until 12 to 30 months of age
Propylene glycol
179
Silica gel is a common excipient in compounded suppositories, used to increase the ____ of the melt
viscosity
180
_____ is a common excipient in compounded suppositories, used to increase the viscosity of the melt
Silica gel
181
____ is a mucoadhesive buccal tablet for herpes labialis
Sitavig
182
_____ may be defined as concentrated, aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without added flavoring agents and medicinal substances
Syrups
183
_____ can be used cleanse the skin of exudates, crusts, and debris, and help maintain drainage of infected areas
Wet dressings
184
Wet dressings can be used cleanse the skin of ____ , crusts, and debris, and help maintain drainage of infected areas
exudates
185
Wet dressings can be used cleanse the skin of exudates, crusts, and debris, and help maintain _____ of infected areas
drainage
186
___ agents work generally by making suspensoid particles more hydrophilic
Wetting
187
Wetting agents work generally by making suspensoid particles more (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)
hydrophilic
188
____ help to improve dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous media by reducing solvent polarity
Cosolvents
189
Cosolvents help to improve dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous media by reducing ____
solvent polarity
190
_____ sweetener are sweeteners with calories
Nutritive
191
Nutritive sweetener are sweeteners with ____
calories
192
____ are ointments that contain a high amount of fine powder
Pastes
193
Pastes are ointments that contain a high amount of ____
fine powder
