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DDS > Exam 3 Module 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A ____ phase system is a heterogeneous system where the internal phase is suspended in a continuous (external) phase

A

dispersed

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2
Q

A dispersed phase system is a ______ system where the internal phase is suspended in a continuous (external) phase

A

heterogenous

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3
Q

A dispersed phase system is a heterogeneous system where the ______ phase is suspended in a continuous (external) phase

A

internal

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4
Q

A ____ liquid is a plastic (or pseudoplastic) liquid that, when left standing, is a restrictive network of interacting solutes

A

Answer: Thixotropic

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5
Q

Along with NMF, ______applied to the skin help the skin retain water

A

humectant

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6
Q

Among forces affecting interactions of suspensoid crystals are electrostatic _____ forces and Van der Waals ______ forces

A

repulsive, attractive

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7
Q

Among the advantages of oral solutions are ______ drug availability

A

immediate

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8
Q

Among the differences of the properties of different polysaccharide suspending agents are …..

A

rheological properties, charge, solubility, and viscosity grades

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9
Q

Among the natural polysaccharides used as suspending agents is the very commonly used biosynthetic polymer _____

A

xanthan gum

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10
Q

An advantage of ____ is that their application is relatively gentle, as they spread easily onto large areas with negligible mechanical shearing and without the runniness of some liquids

A

foams

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11
Q

An _____ an agent that stops hemorrhages or secretions by precipitating proteins

A

astringent

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12
Q

An astringent an agent that stops hemorrhages or secretions by precipitating _______

A

proteins

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13
Q

Anhydrous absorption bases such as Aquaphor, have an ability to absorb water because they contain lipophilic ______

A

surfactants

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14
Q

As depicted on total potential energy of interaction curve, suspensoid crystals may aggregate very ______ at close distances at the primary minimum

A

strongly

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15
Q

As depicted on total potential energy of interaction curve, suspensoid crystals may aggregate very strongly at close distances at the ______

A

primary minimum

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16
Q

As depicted on total potential energy of interaction curve, suspensoid crystals may aggregate weakly at the ______ minimum

A

secondary

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17
Q

As particles in a suspension become _____ , total interfacial surface area in the system increases, and as a consequence, so does interfacial free energy

A

smaller

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18
Q

As particles in a suspension become smaller, total interfacial surface area in the system increases, and as a consequence, so does interfacial _____

A

free energy

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19
Q

As suppository bases, _____ can be hygroscopic, causing them to potentially absorb rectal water, leading to a localized epithelial dehydration, which can lead to lead to diarrhea or gas

A

PEGs

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20
Q

As suppository bases, PEGs can be hygroscopic, causing them to potentially absorb rectal water, leading to a localized epithelial _____ , which can lead to lead to diarrhea or gas

A

dehydration

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21
Q

As we age the number of taste buds (increase or decrease)

A

decreases

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22
Q

As wetting agents, polymers can coat the hydrophobic particles with a multimolecular layer, imparting a (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) character to the particles

A

hydrophilic

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23
Q

As _____ agents, solvents penetrate the loose agglomerates of powder displacing the air

A

wetting

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24
Q

As wetting agents, solvents penetrate the loose agglomerates of powder displacing the ____

A

air

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25
Q

At very (low or high) humidity, humectants can take water away from the skin and have a drying effect

A

low

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26
Q

At very low humidity, humectants can take water away from the skin and have a ______ effect

A

drying

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27
Q

Be careful when applying topicals between buttocks, or under breasts, or axilla, because of their _____

A

Answer: natural occlusion

examples of intertrigenous areas

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28
Q

Belbuca is a …

A

buccal film

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29
Q

BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene),BHA, and a-tocopherol are examples of ____

A

antioxidants

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30
Q

Bioavailability from buccal and SL drug delivery can be difficult to predict, because of anatomical ______ and some of the drug will be ______

A

variations, swallowed

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31
Q

Both SC cells and _____ spaces can take up a significant amount of water

A

interlamellar

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32
Q

Buccal and sublingual membranes (are or are not) keratinized

A

are not

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33
Q

Buccal epithelium is (thinner or thicker) than sublingual epithelium

A

thicker

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34
Q

Cells of the stratum corneum are dead and contain about ____ % w/w water

A

10-20

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35
Q

Compared to normal emulsions, microemulsions are thermodynamically (unstable or stable)

A

stable

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36
Q

Continental or dry gum method, the first step is to rapidly triturate _____ and _______

A

oil, gum

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37
Q

Drugs absorbed in the oral cavity enter the _____ vein rather than the hepatic portal vein

A

jugular

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38
Q

Due to the dominance of the SC as a barrier, nonpolar drugs are favored over polar drugs and _____ forms are favored over ____ forms

A

nonionized; ionized

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39
Q

Electrolytes can work as flocculating agents, by affecting the _____ barrier between particles

A

electric

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40
Q

Elixirs are clear, sweetened, ____ solutions intended for oral use, and are usually flavored to enhance their palatability

A

hydroalcoholic

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41
Q

Elixirs contain ______ with improves solubilizing capacity for poorly soluble drugs, but limits the amount of sugar that can be dissolved

A

alcohol

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42
Q

Emulsifiers with a low HLB are used to form (w/o or o/w) emulsions

A

w/o

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43
Q

Eucerin is an example of a _____ base

A

w/o emulsion

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44
Q

Examples of nonglycogenetic ____ include hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and methylcellulose

A

polysaccharides

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45
Q

Examples of _____ topical occlusives are dimethicone and other silicones

A

non-oleaginous

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46
Q

F, D, & C means the agent is approved for use in _____

A

food, drugs, and cosmetics

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47
Q

Fat can serve as a “____ compartment” for some drugs

A

deep

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48
Q

Fatty acid bases typically liquify in the rectum (slower or faster) than PEG bases

A

faster

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49
Q

Fentora is a buccal ____ that utilizes effervescence to alter the salivary pH to favor dissolution, then absorption

A

ODT

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50
Q

Fentora is a buccal ODT that utilizes _____ to alter the salivary pH to favor dissolution, then absorption

A

effervescence

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51
Q

Flavoring an acidic drug with a citrus flavor is an example of the ______ technique

A

blending

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52
Q

For a drug that is very susceptible to inactivation in the liver, which rectal veins would we ideally want to absorb the drug?

A

The lower and middle rectal veins becaues they drain into general circulation, bypassing hepatic first-pass.

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53
Q

For a pseudoplastic liquid, on the shelf, settling is _____ because of high viscosity, flow begins is soon as stress is applied

A

reduced

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54
Q

For a _____ liquid, shear rate is a linear function of shear stress

A

Newtonian

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55
Q

For a _____ liquids, viscosity changes with shear stress

A

Answer: non-Newtonian

These include plastic and pseudoplastic systems

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56
Q

For a ____ liquid, flow does not occur until a minimum shearing stress (the yield value) is reached

A

plastic

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57
Q

For a plastic liquid, flow does not occur until a minimum shearing stress (the _____ value) is reached

A

yield

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58
Q

For creams and ointments, apply ____ with gentle rubbing

A

thin films

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59
Q

For hydrogenated vegetable oil suppository bases, _____ can endow faster drug release by helping to mix the melted base with rectal fluids

A

emulsifiers

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60
Q

For surfactants to work as ____ agents, the hydrocarbon chain is adsorbed to the hydrophobic particle while the polar groups project into the aqueous medium

A

wetting

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61
Q

For surfactants to work as wetting agents, the ______ is adsorbed to the hydrophobic particle while the polar groups project into the aqueous medium

A

hydrocarbon chain

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62
Q

For suspensions, increased particle size (decrease or increase) settling rate

A

increases

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63
Q

For suspensions, increased viscosity _____ settling rate

A

reduces

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64
Q

For suspensions, (decreased or increased) particle density increases settling rate

A

increased

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65
Q

For the product Neoral softgel caps, the microemulsion forms (non-spontaneously or spontaneously) in the body

A

spontaneously

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66
Q

For _____ to work as wetting agents, hydrocarbon chain is adsorbed to the hydrophobic particle while the polar groups project into the aqueous medium

A

surfactants

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67
Q

Gels can be good for drug delivery because the _____ matrix can facilitate drug release and solvents can enhance penetration

A

porous

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68
Q

Gels can be good for drug delivery because the porous matrix can facilitate drug release and _____ can enhance penetration

A

solvents

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69
Q

Glycerin is an example of a _____ used in suppositories to reduce brittleness

A

toughening agent

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70
Q

Glycerin is an example of a toughening agent used in suppositories to reduce _____

A

brittleness

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71
Q

GoNitro is a ____ SL dosage form

A

powder

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72
Q

High ____ can help in taste masking by slowing diffusion of the drug to taste-buds

A

viscosity

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73
Q

High viscosity can help in taste masking by slowing _____ of the drug to taste-buds

A

diffusion

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74
Q

How does a suspension usually have a less pronounced distaste then a solution of the same drug?

A

Most of the drug is in the crystalline from, which is unavailable to taste bud receptors

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75
Q

If you do not want to calibrate a mold when compounding a suppository, which method should you use?

A

Double-Casting

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76
Q

In general, it can take (seconds or hours) for a drug to permeate the epidermis

A

hours

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77
Q

In SL NTG tablets, lactose can be used to _____ NTG, thereby reducing its evaporation

A

adsorb

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78
Q

In SL NTG tablets, lactose can be used to adsorb NTG, thereby reducing its ______

A

evaporation

79
Q

In some cases, oral suspensions can have (slower or faster) onset than oral tablets, because tablet disintegration and particle wetting are bypassed.

A

faster

80
Q

In the HLB system, the phase in which the surfactant emulsifier is most _____ becomes the continuous phase of the emulsion

A

soluble

81
Q

In the HLB system, the phase in which the surfactant emulsifier is most soluble becomes the _____ phase of the emulsion

A

continuous

82
Q

In the process of _____, small suspensoid particles dissolve, then supersaturate the solution, then recrystallize to larger crystals

A

Ostwald ripening

83
Q

In the process of Ostwald ripening, (small or large) suspensoid particles dissolve, then supersaturate the solution, then recrystallize to larger crystals

A

small

84
Q

In the product Zelapar (selegiline hydrochloride) Orally Disintegrating Tablet, the drug is meant be absorbed through the _____ epithelium

A

buccal

85
Q

It is advised to dispense SL NTG tablets in their original _____ container

A

glass

To reduce evaporation

86
Q

It is often recommended apply moisturizers within ____ of bathing/showering

A

Answer: 3 min

while the skin is still hydrated

87
Q

It is often recommended to apply lotions as _____ and massage lightly until they disappear

A

drops

88
Q

Microemulsions have particle sizes less than ____ in diameter

A

0.1 micrometers

89
Q

Mixtures of different ____ are used as water-soluble ointment bases

A

PEGs

90
Q

Most syrup vehicles used for oral liquids have an ____ pH

A

acidic

91
Q

Nicorette is formulated with a buffer to raise the pH to 8.5 to increase drug ____

A

absorption

92
Q

Occlusion of the skin blocks ____, leading to skin hydration at the site of occlusion

A

transepidermal water loss

93
Q

Occlusion of the skin tends to (increase or decrease) hydration and drug penetration

A

increase

94
Q

Occlusives in topical products inhibit transepidermal water loss by forming a ( hydrophobic or hydrophilic) layer on the surface of the skin

A

hydrophobic

95
Q

Occlusives in topical products inhibit _____ by forming a hydrophobic layer on the surface of the skin

A

transepidermal water loss

96
Q

One FTU of a cream should be able to cover ____hand palms

A

two

97
Q

Oswald ripening can be accelerated by ______ fluctuations

A

temperature

98
Q

Other than compression, _____ can be used to produce SL tablets

A

lyophilization

99
Q

Pastes can be somewhat absorptive due to the high amount of ____

A

powder

100
Q

Propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, urea*, alpha hydroxy acids are all examples of _____ type moisturizers

A

humectant

101
Q

Rectal ____ offer greater retention and more uniform distribution within the sigmoid colon and rectum compared to an enema

A

foams

102
Q

Repeated application of wet dressings can promote ____ of the skin

A

drying

103
Q

Solutions are generally (more or less) chemically stable than suspensions

A

less

104
Q

Solutions are generally less ____ stable than suspensions

A

chemically

105
Q

Solutions are more ____ stable than dispersed systems

A

physically

106
Q

Some drugs can bind to ____ in the stratum corneum

A

proteins and lipids

107
Q

Some polysaccharides can work as flocculating agents by forming ___ between particles

A

bridges

108
Q

Sublingual drug permeability is generally (greater or lesser) than buccal permeability

A

greater

109
Q

Suboxone is a cellulose-based SL ____

A

film

110
Q

Suspending agents slow down particle movement (including settling) by imparting ____ and structure to the system

A

viscosity

111
Q

Suspending agents slow down particle movement (including settling) by imparting viscosity and ____ to the system

A

structure

112
Q

Syrup, NF has insufficient free ____ for microbial growth, which makes it is self-preserving

A

water

113
Q

Syrup, NF has insufficient free water for microbial growth, which makes it is ____

A

self-preserving

114
Q

The “____” reaction, which includes flushing, N&V can occur when taking alcohol-containing products with certain drugs

A

disulfiram-like

115
Q

The “{{c2::disulfiram-like}}” reaction, which includes flushing, N&V can occur when taking _____-containing products with certain drugs

A

alcohol

116
Q

The amount dispensed from a typical tube, reaching from the finger tip to the first crease of the index finger about ___ g

A

0.5 g

117
Q

The appropriate water used in oral liquids is ____ USP

A

Answer: Purified Water

Ordinary tap water contains many inorganic and organic impurities, include dissolved inorganics (e.g., Ca++, Fe++, sulfates) and organic matter

118
Q

The fluidity of lotions facilitates application to ___ and intertriginous areas

A

hirsute

119
Q

The formation of a nonredispersible sediment within a suspension is called _____

A

caking

120
Q

The initial emulsion formed in the dry gum method is called the ____ emulsion

A

primary

121
Q

The joining of two or more droplets in an emulsion is an example of ____

A

coalescence

122
Q

The most significant skin barrier to drug penetration is the ___

A

stratum corneum

123
Q

The rheology of pharmaceutical liquids can be described by plotting shear rate as a function of shear stress, where the slope is ______

A

inverse viscosity

124
Q

The stratum _____ is comprised of flattened, enlarged, overlapping cells interspersed with a continuous sheet of intercellular lipids

A

corneum

125
Q

The stratum corneum is comprised of flattened, enlarged, overlapping cells interspersed with a continuous sheet of ______

A

intercellular lipids

126
Q

The upward movement of the dispersed phase relative to the continuous phase in an emulsion is called _____

A

creaming

127
Q

The viable epidermis contains many _____ including those for the prodrug tazorotene

A

drug-metabolizing enzymes

128
Q

The water washable emulsion bases are ____ emulsions

A

o/w

129
Q

The ____ is the largest skin component

A

dermis

130
Q

The ____ pathway through the skin is through ordered lipid layers, interspersed by water layers

A

paracellular

131
Q

The ____ to overcome in mixing the two immiscible liquids can be measured by the interfacial tension

A

force

132
Q

The force to overcome in mixing the two immiscible liquids can be measured by the _______

A

interfacial tension

133
Q

Thresholds for _____ substances are the lowest, while thresholds for sweet and salty tastes are the highest

A

bitter

134
Q

Thresholds for bitter substances are the ____, while thresholds for sweet and salty tastes are the highest

A

lowest

135
Q

To increase the interfacial surface area (dA) between water and oil, energy must be added to the system. This is equal to the ______

A

interfacial free energy

136
Q

Transappendageal normally not significant because appendages cover a small fraction of _____

A

skin surface area

137
Q

Under optimal conditions, after application of an o/w cream base the drug ____ without crystallizing out

A

concentrates

138
Q

Under optimal conditions, after application of an o/w cream base the drug concentrates without ____

A

crystallizing out

139
Q

Upon application of o/w creams, the external phase evaporates and the application shrinks to a _____

A

thin film

140
Q

Using a flavor that is stronger than the drug flavor is an example of the ____ technique.

A

overshadowing

141
Q

Water-____ ointment bases are usually made for a mixture of PEGs

A

soluble

142
Q

Water-soluble ointment bases are usually made for a mixture of _____

A

PEGs

143
Q

Waxy substances are often present in topical to increase ______ and/or reduce the tackiness of sticky ointments and creams

A

stiffness

144
Q

Waxy substances are often present in topical to increase stiffness and/or reduce the ____ of sticky ointments and creams

A

tackiness

145
Q

What are the three most common cosolvents used for oral liquids?

A

Alcohol, glycerin/glycerol, propylene glycol

146
Q

What are the two major differences between administering a suppository to an infant patient and an adult patient?

A

The finger used (adult = index finger, infant = pinky finger)

147
Q

What characteristic of the rectum is responsible for a relatively low absorptive surface area?

A

The lack of villi

148
Q

What is a physical sign that you heated cocoa butter too hot during compounding?

A

The color will be clear yellow (not the desired creamy/hazy color). Clear yellow indicates the alpha form.

149
Q

What is an important consideration when compounding a suppository with cocoa butter?

A

Temperature is a comportant consideration due to its ability to undergo polymorphism.

150
Q

When administering a rectal suppository, you can lie on your side, with your (lower or upper) leg bent forward

A

upper

151
Q

When counseling a patient on suppository administration, how long should you tell them to remain lying down?

A

15 minutes

152
Q

When half of a suppository is prescribed, why is the direction of the cut important?

A

Settling may occur during hardening, therefore cutting lengthwise will achieve a more accurate dose.

153
Q

When is drug released from a suppository containing an oleaginous base?

A

The drug is released after melting.

154
Q

When making oral suspensions of poorly soluble drugs, their ____ often requires the use of wetting agents to prevent the crystals from clumping together

A

hydrophobicity

155
Q

When making oral suspensions of poorly soluble drugs, their hydrophobicity often requires the use of ____ to prevent the crystals from clumping together

A

wetting agents

156
Q

When suspensoid crystals are _____, they are weakly held together at the secondary minimum in the total potential energy of interaction curve

A

flocculated

157
Q

When suspensoid crystals are flocculated, they are weakly held together at the ____ minimum in the total potential energy of interaction curve

A

secondary

158
Q

Which of the following does not function well as a preservative until it reaches at least a 15-20% v/v?sorbic acid, alcohol, benzoic acid, propylparaben

A

alcohol

159
Q

Which suppository base is often used for constipation? What is an important counseling point regarding this specific type of suppository?

A

Glycerin - can irritate upon insertion due to hygroscopicity.

160
Q

Why are solutions of s drug sometimes have more pronounced distaste compared to suspensions of the same drug?

A

Drug in solution can interact with taste bud chemoreceptors

161
Q

Why is fentanyl a good candidate for buccal and SL delivery?

A
  1. very lipophilic

2. high hepatic and intestinal first pass

162
Q

With the technique of _____, particles break apart as they collide against each other in a high pressure airstream

A

jet-milling

163
Q

With the technique of jet-milling, particles break apart as they collide against each other in a high pressure _____

A

airstream

164
Q

With the technique of _____, the drug is dissolved in a solvent and the solution is sent into a heated chamber as a fine spray

A

spray-drying

165
Q

____ is a sweetener that has fair heat stability

A

Aspartame

166
Q

____ are liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin (a cotton derivative) dissolved in a solvent mixture

A

Collodions

167
Q

____ in topicals can help keep drugs in solution after application of the dosage form

A

Cosolvents

168
Q

_____ are defined as preparations containing a mixture of two (or more) immiscible liquids, one of which is uniformly dispersed as droplets throughout the other

A

Emulsions

169
Q

Emulsions are defined as preparations containing a mixture of two (or more) (miscible or immiscible) liquids, one of which is uniformly dispersed as droplets throughout the other

A

immiscible

170
Q

____ are fluids designed to be delivered rectally

A

Enemas

171
Q

____ are semisolid systems in which a liquid phase is constrained within an interlocked, polymeric matrix of a natural or synthetic gum

A

Gels

172
Q

Gels are semisolid systems in which a liquid phase is constrained within an interlocked, polymeric matrix of a natural or synthetic ____

A

gum

173
Q

____ are fluid emulsions or suspensions for external application

A

Lotions

174
Q

____ can be valuable for acutely inflamed areas because their evaporation cools and soothes the skin

A

Lotions

175
Q

Lotions can be valuable for acutely inflamed areas because their ____ cools and soothes the skin

A

evaporation

176
Q

____ ointment bases are the most occlusive of the ointment bases

A

Oleaginous

177
Q

_____ are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread upon a suitable backing material and intended for prolonged external application to part of the body

A

Plasters

178
Q

_____ is a cosolvent that can have toxic effects in infants, because it is metabolized by the alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme pathway that does not attain full adult activity until 12 to 30 months of age

A

Propylene glycol

179
Q

Silica gel is a common excipient in compounded suppositories, used to increase the ____ of the melt

A

viscosity

180
Q

_____ is a common excipient in compounded suppositories, used to increase the viscosity of the melt

A

Silica gel

181
Q

____ is a mucoadhesive buccal tablet for herpes labialis

A

Sitavig

182
Q

_____ may be defined as concentrated, aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without added flavoring agents and medicinal substances

A

Syrups

183
Q

_____ can be used cleanse the skin of exudates, crusts, and debris, and help maintain drainage of infected areas

A

Wet dressings

184
Q

Wet dressings can be used cleanse the skin of ____ , crusts, and debris, and help maintain drainage of infected areas

A

exudates

185
Q

Wet dressings can be used cleanse the skin of exudates, crusts, and debris, and help maintain _____ of infected areas

A

drainage

186
Q

___ agents work generally by making suspensoid particles more hydrophilic

A

Wetting

187
Q

Wetting agents work generally by making suspensoid particles more (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

A

hydrophilic

188
Q

____ help to improve dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous media by reducing solvent polarity

A

Cosolvents

189
Q

Cosolvents help to improve dissolution of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous media by reducing ____

A

solvent polarity

190
Q

_____ sweetener are sweeteners with calories

A

Nutritive

191
Q

Nutritive sweetener are sweeteners with ____

A

calories

192
Q

____ are ointments that contain a high amount of fine powder

A

Pastes

193
Q

Pastes are ointments that contain a high amount of ____

A

fine powder

DDS (29 decks)

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