4.4 Intranasal (4)

Question 1

When we spray the drug through the nose (Vestibule) the drug is going to deposit on the _____

Answer 1

epithelia of the turbinates

Question 2

Vestibular region consist of nasal vestibule and valve, main function is to filter air with long hairs and vestibule communicates to the nasal cavity through the ____ (a narrow passage).

Answer 2

Nasal Valve

Question 3

_____ turbinate has less physiological significance than the other two turbinates.

Answer 3

Superior

bc air passes through the lower turbinates

Question 4

Turbinates direct heat (make warmer), and humidify incoming air, increase surface area, and promote ____

Answer 4

turbulence

increase particle impaction-trap in the nasal cavity

Question 5

The ______ region is the major region for drug absorption.

Answer 5

Respiratory

Question 6

The _______ region has small surface area, its the roof of the nasal cavity, poorly ventilated, and close to CNS.

Answer 6

Olfactory

Question 7

Posterior (2/3) of respiratory region has _____ epithelium.

Answer 7

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

Question 8

Anterior (1/3) of respiratory region has various epithelia that goes from outside to inside the body:

Answer 8

squamous-Transitional-Pseudostratified Columnar

Question 9

Posterior of respiratory region with its pseudostratified columnar epithelia (goblet cells) is responsible for ________ Clearance.

Answer 9

Mucociliary

mechanism in removing undissolved drug by moving the suspended drug in the mucus and by moving the mucus with cilia

Question 10

Mucus is continuously removed posteriorly by cilia except forward in the anterior region of the _____ turbinate.

Answer 10

inferior

Question 11

Clearance of inhaled substances from the nose within _____ minutes (narrow window of time before drug is removed).

Answer 11

15-20

Question 12

______ turbinate communicates with the nasolacrimal duct.

Answer 12

Inferior

Question 13

______ turbinate communicates with several sinuses.

Answer 13

Middle

Question 14

The presence and fluidity of mucus are vital for ciliary function, if the mucus is too viscous, the ciliary movement and clearance are (slowed or increased)

Answer 14

slowed

Question 15

Nasal enzymatic activity is a component of clearance and it is (more or less) than in small intestines.

Answer 15

Less

Question 16

Transporters are efflux systems expressed in the nasal epithelium, and an example is …

Answer 16

p-glycoprotein

Question 17

Respiratory region is highly vascularized epithelium with fenestrated capillaries, thus good for systemic purposes and allowing (smaller or larger) molecules. It is not drained to the hepatic portal system (bypass hepatic 1st pass)

Answer 17

larger

Question 18

Drops give greater nasal coverage but are cleared more (slowly or rapidly)

Answer 18

rapidly

Question 19

Particles (aerosol droplets) of about ____ in diameter in size for impact, thus, the important size range for drug delivery

Answer 19

8-20 microns

larger particles=impaction

Question 20

Intranasal drug delivery can be good alternative for _____ because of its immune function e.g. Nasal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT) ex. Flumist

Answer 20

Vaccinations

Question 21

Inflammation, fever, asthma, nasal polyps are examples of changes in architecture of nasal cavity which affect drug ..

Answer 21

absorption, deposition, and/or clearance

Question 22

Environmental conditions ( humidity, temperature, and some drugs with anticholinergic) may dry nasal secretions and affect _____ function

Answer 22

mucociliary

Question 23

Intranasal vasoconstrictor (e.g. Afrin) can (improve or reduce) systemic bioavailability.

Answer 23

reduce

Question 24

Ciliary movement is slower below the pH of ____

Answer 24

7

Question 25

Some manufacturers will formulate drugs at a (high or low) pH to slow down the clearance of drug.

Answer 25

low

Question 26

Preservatives such as Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) -- concern of toxicity in nasal products is _____

Answer 26

not substantiated

Question 27

(Sprays or drops) are mainly deposited into the anterior region of the nasal cavity.

Answer 27

Sprays

Question 28

Spray bottle design- the actuator should be designed to reach the ____ to facilitate reaching the nasal cavity.

Answer 28

nasal valve

Question 29

Spray volume should be _____ microliters to be optimal.

Answer 29

100

Question 30

_____ a mucoadhesive agent that reacts with intranasal calcium ions to form an adhesive gel in the nasal cavity.

Answer 30

Pectin (polysaccharide)