3.9

Question 1

Purpose of Topical route: Local Effect include

Answer 1

1. protect injured areas from environment
2. moisturize skin
3. treat skin conditions (such as eczema, psoriasis)

Question 2

Purpose of Topical route: Deeper Effect for example

Answer 2

relieve joint pain

Question 3

Purpose of Topical route: Systemic Effect for example

Answer 3

nicotine replacement, pain relief, angina prevention, etc.

Question 4

Dosage form range from ______

Answer 4

liquid to semisolids to solids

Question 5

Dosage form liquids include…

Answer 5

lotions, solutions, tinctures, collodians, shampoos

Question 6

Dosage form semisolids include…

Answer 6

oitments, creams, pastes, gel

Question 7

Dosage form solids include…

Answer 7

powders, sticks

Question 8

Other Dosage form include…

Answer 8

aerosols, foams, dressings, tapes, plasters

Question 9

______ layer is the main barrier for topical delivery, it is a continuously renewing stratified squamous epithelium (varies in thickness throughout the body)

Answer 9

epidermis

Question 10

_____ comprise of 80% of the epidermis

Answer 10

keratinocytes

Question 11

Keratinocytes are organized into layers (strata) to produce most significant barrier properties of the skin, classified as _____ or _______

Answer 11

viable or non-viable epidermis

Question 12

Viable means …

Answer 12

living cells

Question 13

The stratum corneum (outside layer) is the (non-viable or viable) epidermis q

Answer 13

non-viable

Question 14

Viable epidermis is subdivided morphologically from inside to outside:

Answer 14

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum

Question 15

Stratum corneum, in this stratum the keratinocytes are called ______, this stratum is the end product of differentiation and contain dead and relatively dry cells (10-20%).

Answer 15

corneocytes

Question 16

Stratum corneum is loaded with ____ and keratin. Both important for intracellular skeleton for the keratinocytes.

Answer 16

filaggrin

Question 17

Stratum corneum, contain low MW polar compounds (polar amino acids) and collectively called _______

Answer 17

Natural Moisturizing Factor (NMF)

important to draw water from dermis to keep SC hydrated

Question 18

NMF stands for… and helps draw water from dermis to keep SC hydrated

Answer 18

Natural Moisturizing Factor

Question 19

SC: Arranged as overlapping cells interspersed with continuous sheets (lamellae) of intercellular lipids. The appearance and function described as …

Answer 19

brick and mortar

Brick= corneocytes (hydrophilic)
Mortar= Lipids (lipophilic)

Bricks held together by mortar

Question 20

Corneocytes connection are help together by _____ which is critical to limit permeation of substances and limit transepidermal water loss

Answer 20

desomosomes

Question 21

_____ another name for macrophages in the skin

Answer 21

Langerhans cells

Question 22

____ cells important for our touch sensation

Answer 22

Merkel

Question 23

The ______ is the largest skin component, about 40 times as thick.

Answer 23

dermis

Question 24

____ cell layer is a matrix of connective tissue that supports and strengthens the epidermis. Wraps the body in a strong, flexible envelope.

Answer 24

Dermis

Question 25

Dermis contain nerves, skin appendages, and lymphatic and ______ which can absorb drug into the systemic circulation.

Answer 25

blood vessels

Question 26

_______layer is where it can serve as a "deep compartment" for some drugs (hold on to them) and may delay absorption and serve as a depot for some drugs.

Answer 26

subcutaneous (the fat serves as a deep compartment)

Question 27

Skin Appendages include ...

Answer 27

Sweat Glands | Sebaceous Glands

Question 28

_____ sweat glands deposit on the surface

Answer 28

Eccrine

Question 29

_____ sweat glands which deposit into the hair follicle

Answer 29

apocrine

Question 30

______ gland deposit its sebum into hair follicle

Answer 30

sebaceous

Question 31

_____ glands produce sebum, a mixture of lipids that form a film on the surface of skin

Answer 31

sebaceous | help waterproofing and lubrication

Question 32

The film produced by sebaceous glands includes fatty acids that creates acidic medium on skin called the _____

Answer 32

acid mantle | combines with other sources to produce low surface pH of 4.5-6.2

Question 33

Low SC pH important for ..., both because of the effect of pH on the activity of certain enzymes.

Answer 33

1. Orderly desquamation 2. Creation of lipid lamellae 3. Antimicrobial properties

Question 34

Purpose of Depilatory is for ..

Answer 34

hair removal

Question 35

Drug permeation across the skin is very low, it can take ___ for a drug to permeate the epidermis.

Answer 35

hours

Question 36

Transepidermal is through the ...

Answer 36

epidermis

Question 37

Transappendageal is through the ...

Answer 37

appendages

Question 38

Not all topical agents must permeate the skin to act, but for those that must permeate the skin, the most common routes are ____+ ____

Answer 38

Transepidermal and transappendageal

Question 39

The ______ route is the most important route for drug permeation through the skin. The drug must cross the SC and viable layers before reaching the dermis.

Answer 39

Transepidermal

Question 40

___ is the most significant barrier to drug permeation

Answer 40

SC

Question 41

_____ through the cells, drug must pass through protein-lipid cell membranes and relatively dry, protein loaded cells.

Answer 41

Transcellular | Relatively polar pathway, because of a partially hydrated protein matrix

Question 42

_____ between the cells, the drug must pass through the lipid lamellae (layers) that serve as the "sealant" for SC.

Answer 42

Paracellular | Ordered lipid layers are interspersed by water layers, but overall it is a non-polar pathway

Question 43

SC is a relatively (hydrophilic or lipophilic) barrier

Answer 43

lipophilic (means lipophilic drugs are favored)

Question 44

Viable layers (do or do not) have great barrier properties.

Answer 44

Do not! | easy for drugs to diffuse through once they permeate the SC

Question 45

After entering the appendages, the drug can further diffuse into viable epidermis and dermis since appendages are single-cell layered and this allows for the bypass of ...

Answer 45

SC layer

Question 46

______ transport is not a significant pathway for drug transport.

Answer 46

Transappendageal Because appendages cover a **small fraction** of skin surface area