3.11

Question 1

_____ semisolid system in which a liquid phase is constrained within an interlocked, polymeric matrix of a natural or synthetic gum.

Answer 1

Gel

drug will be dissolved or suspended in the liquid phase

Question 2

Gelling polymers include…

Answer 2

tragacanth, sodium alginate, cellulose derivatives, carbomers

Question 3

Gels can be very good in drug release of their ______, which is left after solvent evaporates and used for drug to diffuse through

Answer 3

porous matrix

Question 4

Gels also have _____ that can enhance penetration.

Answer 4

Solvents

Question 5

Topical solutions employ aqueous vehicle and examples include…

Answer 5

Burrow’s solution (aluminum acetate) and Dakin’s Solution (diluted sodium hypochlorite solution)

Question 6

_____ employ an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic vehicle e.g. iodine ____ (NaI and I2)

Answer 6

Tinctures

Question 7

Collodions are liquid preparations composed of _____ (cotton derivative) dissolved in a solvent mixture usually composed of alcohol and ether or acetone. with or without added drug.

Answer 7

pyroxylin

Question 8

Collodion film can seal small wounds and protect surrounding tissue because when applied the solvent evaporates, leaving an ____ filmy residue of pyroxylin.

Answer 8

occlusive

Question 9

Example of Collodion is ___ a wart remover.

Answer 9

Duofilm

Question 10

_____ are blends of drug and propellant in a pressurized container. Function as drug delivery systems for solution, suspensions, powders, and emulsions.

Answer 10

Aerosols

Question 11

____ are useful when the extent of blistering, inflammation, and tenderness makes the application of other dosage forms uncomfortable.

Answer 11

Aerosols (can be sprayed without rubbing= convenience)

Question 12

______ are solid or semisolid adhesive masses spread upon a suitable backing material and intended for prolonged external application to part to the body.

Answer 12

Plasters

Question 13

____ aqueous solutions applied in the form of dressing (include gauze and linens soaked in an appropriate solution)

Answer 13

Wet dressings

Question 14

Solutions of wet dressings are usually either ___ or ____ agents

Answer 14

astringent (stop hemorrhages or secretions by precipitating proteins); antiseptic

Question 15

Wet dressings (help heal the wounds) cleanse the skin of exudates, crusts and debris, and help maintain drainage of infected areas. Exudate is..

Answer 15

any fluid that has exuded out of a tissue or its capillaries because of injury or inflammation

Question 16

Repeated applications of wet dressings will promote ___ of the skin.

Answer 16

Drying

Question 17

____ dispersions of gas in a liquid or solid administered as an aerosol. Application is relatively gentle, tend to break down rapidly without leaving greasy residue.

Answer 17

Foam

Question 18

Antioxidants may be needed to prevent ____ where there are unsaturated hydrocarbons,

Answer 18

rancidity

BHT, BHA, tocopherol

Question 19

When ___ is present, preservatives will be necessary to prevent microbial growth.

Answer 19

water

Question 20

____ substances are present to increase stiffness and/or reduce the tackiness of sticky ointments and creams.

Answer 20

Waxy

e.g. cetyl esters wax, stearic acid, cetyl alcohol

Question 21

Moisturizers includes occlusive and Humectants. Occlusives inhibit ___ by forming a hydrophobic layer on the surface of the skin

Answer 21

TEWL

transepidermal water loss

Question 22

____ used in “oil-free” moisturizers but much less able to reduce TEWL than petrolatum. It is a non-oleaginous moisturizer.

Answer 22

Silicone

Question 23

___- hygroscopic substances that help hydrate the skin and used to improve moisturizing capacity.

Answer 23

Humectant

Question 24

Humectants help skin retain water work within the skin and on surface of the skin. Works along with ____

Answer 24

NMF

Question 25

Humectants at high humidity may take water from atmosphere while at low humidity they can take water ____

Answer 25

away from the skin and have a drying effect

Question 26

Examples of Humectants are..

Answer 26

Propylene glycol, sorbitol, urea, alpha hydroxyacids

Question 27

Humectants can also enhance drug permeation by …

Answer 27

hydrating the skin

Question 28

Cosolvent (increase solubility) help keep drugs in solution after application of dosage form some examples include…

Answer 28

glycerin, propylene glycol and ethanol

Question 29

______ is often used in O/W creams to prevent precipitation of drug as cream dries to a thin film.

Answer 29

PEG (less volatile than water, does not evaporate quickly like ethanol)

Question 30

Cosolvents enhance permeation by …

Answer 30

allowing high concentration of drug in thin film (high conc. gradient) and by modifying the SC lipids

Question 31

Face, both hands, anogential area…

Answer 31

1g

Question 32

one arm..

Answer 32

3 g

Question 33

anterior/posterior trunk

Answer 33

4g

Question 34

entire body

Answer 34

30-40g

Question 35

____amount dispensed from a typical tube. reaching from the finger tip to the first crease of the index finger

Answer 35

Fingertip Unit (FTU)

0.5 g

Question 36

____amount of product needed to apply to thin film to the area of both sides of the hand (one hand area = 1 FTU)

Answer 36

Rule of Hand

Question 37

Best to apply topical product after bathing or soaking the area in water. when the ____ is relatively hydrated it improves penetration.

Answer 37

SC (stratum Corneum)

Question 38

Apply moisturizers within ___ minutes after bathing/showering

Answer 38

3

Question 39

Be careful when applying to _______ areas such as between buttocks, under breasts, axilla because they are natural occlusions

Answer 39

intertriginous