Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DDS > 3.1 > Flashcards

3.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Oral liquids are…drug is completely dissolved, i.e. it is in its molecular form in a uniform _______ system

A

homogeneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Syrup is concentrated, aqueous preparations of a ______ with or without added flavoring agents and medicinal substance.

A

sugar or sugar substitute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Main sweetener for syrup is usually ….

A

sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Elixir is a clear, sweetened, _______ solutions intended for oral use, and are usually flavored to enhance their palatability.

A

hydroalcoholic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

General Advantages of oral solutions are…

A
  1. easy to swallow
  2. fast gastric emptying compared to solids
  3. flexible dosing-with graduated measuring device
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Main advantages of oral solutions are…

A

– immediate drug availability (drug already dissolved)

–minimize/avoid GI irritation for some drugs (avoids high conc. of irritation drug such as KCL near epithelium)

–greater physical stability than dispersed systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oral solutions have greater ______ stability than dispersed systems (emulsions/suspensions).

A

physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

General disadvantages of oral solutions are…

A
  1. Aqueous liquid are media for microbial growth (e.g. water and sugar)
  2. Heavy/bulky to transport
  3. less chemical stability than solids (degradation is faster in solution)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oral solutions has less ______stability than solids and suspensions.

A

chemical

suspensions have portion of drug in its solid state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oral solutions have pronounce ______ compared to suspension because the drug in solution can interact with taste buds chemoreceptors.

A

distaste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Disadvantage of oral solution is potential ______ inaccuracies if housefold measures are used

A

dosing

e.g. variability in teaspoon volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Consideration for oral solution regarding stability includes…

A

chemical–pH, Temp, antioxidants

microbiological–preservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Threshold for bitter substances are (lowest or highest), opposite to the thresholds for sweet and salty taste.

A

lowest

very sensitive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Taste thresholds (sensitivity) varies between individuals, some factors include age where taste buds decrease as we age and _____ + ____ are lost first

A

sweet and salty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sense of ____ (not taste) also decrease as we age

A

smell (odor sensitivity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

(women or men) have a better sense of smell

A

women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Polyhydroxy compounds, amino acids tend to elicit _____sensations

A

sweet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acid tend to elicit ______ sensation

A

acidic–> sour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Metal ions (Na, K) elicit ______sensation

A

salt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bases (e.g. alkaloids) elicit ____sensation

A

bitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

______elicit umami/savory sensation.

A

salts of glutamic acid

22
Q

Acidic drug with citrus flavor, you are masking the acidic taste of the drug by using the flavor to blend with the drug flavor. This flavoring technique is called…

A

blending

23
Q

Wintergreen oil and glycyrrhiza are examples where the flavor is stronger than the drug flavor. This flavoring technique is called…

A

overshadowing

24
Q

In suspensions and emulsions, much of the drug is in a ______phase

A

separate

25
Q

______ is a method to mask taste by releasing carbon dioxide for salty-tasting drugs such as KCl

A

Effervescence

26
Q

High viscosity will mask taste by (slowing down or speeding up) drug diffusion to the taste buds.

A

slowing down

swallow before it gets into taste buds

27
Q

Physiological method to masking taste is by _________, where by cooling using mannitol/xylitol, or anesthetic action (e.g. menthol/peppermint)

A

desensitization

28
Q

Physiological method to masking taste is by _______, where you use for example citric acid to enhance another fruit flavor by working synergistically.

A

flavor enhancement

29
Q

Oral solutions have ____ as the dominant vehicle.

A

water

Tap water— not best choice
Purified water, USP— better choice

30
Q

Purified water is obtained by distillation, _____ or ______

A

reverse osmosis, ion-exchange

31
Q

_____ is used as vehicle for extemporaneous preparation of liquid dosage forms, and it is universal in its ability in masking different flavors with pH of 3.5-4.0

A

cherry syrup

32
Q

Cosolvents work by reducing ____- must be water-miscible

A

polarity

33
Q

“_____-like” reaction also called antabuse, where it may cause patient to vomit if they drank alcohol. Experience flushing, N+V (even with small alcohol content)

A

Disulfiram

34
Q

Cosolvents of oral liquids include…

A

ethanol, glycerin/glycerol, propylene glycol

35
Q

Least easiest cosolvent to work with is ______ as it is very viscous with a sweet taste.

A

glycerin/glycerol

36
Q

______ a cosolvent that may have toxic effects if it accumulates such as seizures, hemolysis, tachycardia.

A

propylene glycol

37
Q

Propylene glycol is metabolized by alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme pathway which is not attain full adult activity until the age of ___

A

12 to 30 months of age

should not be used in infants e.g. Agenerase oral solution

38
Q

preservatives inhibit microbial growth and they include…

A

Benzoic acid, sodium benzoate, parabens, sorbic acid (mold/yeast), alcohol (must be 15-20%)

39
Q

Alcohol must have a concentration of at least ___% in order for it to work as a preservative.

A

15

40
Q

Flavorants are often oils and ____ is needed in some syrup vehicles in order to mix solution.

A

alcohol

41
Q

Flavorant-natural cherry flavor/natural flavorants can be very…

A

complex

42
Q

Flavorants can absorb to containers or suspended materials (stick to plastic) and can result in …

A

flavor changes

flavorants are lipophilic

43
Q 
Colorants regulated by FDA
F
D
C 
Stands for...
A

F= food
D=drug
C=cosmetic

44
Q

For drug colorants there must be a (F, D, or C) in order for the compound to be approved by FDA

A

D

45
Q

Colorants are very potent so it can/should be used at (high or low) concentration.

A

low

46
Q

Drug buffers used for stability and solubility, some include…

A

citrate, phosphate

47
Q

Need water soluble antioxidants like vitamin C, Ascorbic acid, or the very useful ones _____

A

Sulfites

48
Q

Chelator can work synergistically with antioxidants by binding metals and prevent free radical formation, an example of a chelator is …

A

citrate

49
Q

Nutritive is a sweetener (with or without) calories.

A

with

50
Q

Sucrose, fructose, aspartame, sorbitol, mannitol are all (nutritive or nonnutritive) sweeteners

A

nutritive

51
Q

Saccharin, sucralose, acesulfame potassium are all (nutritive or nonnutritive) sweeteners.

A

nonnutritive

52
Q

_____ sweetener has a lesser heat stability and less stable at pH > 7

A

aspartame

DDS (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions