Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
According to Pavlov how similar is the conditioned response to the unconditioned response?
In many cases, the CR and UCR are not the same
In fact, in some cases, the CR and UCR seem opposite to each other The result is that the CS and UCS elicit opposite or “opponent” responses
Stimulus-substitution theory: States that the pairing of the CS and the UCS enables the CS to later elicit the UCR, but as the CR
- The CS also stimulates a distinct area of the brain
- When the UCS follows the CS, the brain centers associated with the CS and UCS are active at the same time
- The simultaneous activity in two neural centers leads to a new functional neural pathway between the active centers
• The new neural connection causes:
– Exposure to the CS to activate the neural center which processes the CS
– Activation of the CS neural center arouses the UCS neural center
– The UCS neural center activates the response center for the UCR
– Which allows the CS to elicit the CR
- Because the response was generated by environmental exposure to the CS (rather than the UCS), we refer to it as the CR
- The CS becomes a substitute for the UCS and elicits the same response as the UCS
The Removal of Negative Reinforcement
– An escape response is eliminated when an aversive event continues despite the escape response
• However, the response will continue for some time until the organism learns that the escape response no longer terminates the aversive event
– The strength of the escape response during acquisition affects resistance to extinction
• The greater the acquisition training, the slower the extinction of the escape behavior
Analgesia
A reduced sensitivity to painful events
Hyperalgesia
An increase sensitivity to a painful event
Brain system responses for fear and pain. Are they the same or separate?
Same, both show in amygdala.
Siegel conditioned response and unconditioned response are same or different?
They’re different. The UCR to morphine is analgesia, or reduced sensitivity to pain, and the CR is hyperalgesia, or a increased sensitivity to pain; the UCR to insulin is hypoglycemia, and the CR is hyperglycemia; the UCR to alcohol is hypothermia, and the CR is hyperthermia.
Siegel morphine conditioning CR and UCR and analgesia/hyperalgesia
- An example of this can be found in studies in which the United States is morphine.
- The UCR to morphine is analgesia, reduced sensitivity to pain
- The CR to neutral stimuli paired with morphine administration is hyperalgesia, an increased sensitivity to pain
Morphine and light research
- Hall and Channell (1985) showed that repeated exposure to light (CS) led to habituation of the orienting response to that stimulus.
- They also found that later pairings of the light (CS) with milk (UCS) yielded a reduced CR compared with control animals who did not experience preexposure to the light CS
- They also found that later pairings of the light (CS) with milk (UCS) yielded a reduced CR compared with control animals who did not experience preexposure to the light CS.
Opposing response and overdose from taking the same amounts of heroin research
Siegel noted that drug overdoses can occur when a drug is consumed in a new environment as a result of the absence of the conditioned opponent response.
Exposure to small doses of an addicted drug cause what types of symptoms (large/small?)
Drug tolerance: With repeated use higher doses are required to produce the same effects.
Conditioned withdrawal response: when environmental cues associated with withdrawal produce a conditioned craving and motivation to resume drug use.
The opponent process theory suggests that drug addiction is mainly an attempt to reduce the aversiveness of the affective after-reaction to the drugs such as the bad hangovers, the amphetamine “crashes,” and the irritability that comes from not having the usual cigarette.
The opponent process interpretation of drug addiction as escape from the misery of withdrawal is also supported by a large body of neuroscience evidence.
Addicts are not “trapped” by the pleasure they derive from the drug. Rather, they take the drug to reduce withdrawal pains. (Other factors involved in drug addiction will be considered in subsequent chapters.)
AESOP: Wagner’s idea that the conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes able to elicit the secondary A2 component of the unconditioned response (UCR) as the conditioned response (CR) and the A2 component is sometimes the opposite of and sometimes the same as the A1 component
• It is based on the idea that there are two distinct UCR sequences – A sensory sequence – An emotive sequence
• The sensory and emotive attributes of an unconditioned stimulus activate separate response sequences
• The latency of the sensory and emotive activity sequences can also differ
• This leads to different optimal CS–UCS intervals for the emotive and sensory components
• There are several important aspects of AESOP
– A CS may activate a strong sensory CR but only a weak emotive CR (or vice versa)
• This can explain the lack of correspondence between response measures of conditioning
• A sensory A2 neural activity may elicit a discrete response while the emotive A2 neural activity may produce a diffuse reaction
• Finally, two unconditioned stimuli might activate the same emotive A2 activity but different sensory A2 activities
– This would lead to both similarities and differences in the responses that separate UCSs condition
Rescorla–Wagner model
• The amount of associative strength gained on a particular training trial depends on the level of prior training.
• Because the typical learning curve negatively accelerates, more associative strength will accrue on early trials than on later ones.
– The rate of conditioning varies depending on the CS and UCS used.
• Associative strength accrues quickly to some stimuli but slowly to others.
Rescorla–Wagner model and why blocking occurs
The view that a particular unconditioned stimulus (UCS) can support only a specific level of conditioning and that when the two or more stimuli are paired with a UCS, each stimulus must compete for the associative strength available for conditioning
BLOCKING OCCURS because as a result of conditioning associative strength to one stimulus, thereby preventing conditioning to a second stimulus due to a lack of available associative strength.
The effects of preexposure to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) on Pavlovian conditioning
- the effect caused by exposure to the UCS prior to conditioning; it impairs later conditioning when a CS is paired with that UCS
- Rescorla–Wagner model predicts that when a salient and nonsalient cue are presented together with the UCS, the salient cue will accrue more associative strength than the nonsalient cue
Strong stimuli vs weak stimuli’s ability to accrue the most associative strength?
- The rate of conditioning varies depending on the CS and UCS used. Associative strength accrues quickly to some stimuli but slowly to others.
- Associative strength accrues quickly to some stimuli but slowly to others.
Rescorla–Wagner model predicts that when a salient and nonsalient cue are presented together with the UCS, the salient cue will accrue more associative strength than the nonsalient cue
Overshadowing: salient cue and a non-salient cue are presented together
Overshadowing: In a compound conditioning situation, the prevention of conditioning to one stimulus due to the presence of a more salient or intense stimulus
• Overshadowing does not always occur when two cues of different salience are paired with a UCS In some circumstances the presence of a salient cue produces a stronger CR than would have occurred had the less salient cue been presented alone with the UCS
Reinforcement
An event (or termination of an event) that increases the frequency of the operant behavior that preceded it
Instrumental Conditioning
A conditioning procedure in which the environment constrains the opportunity for reward and a specific behavior can obtain reward
Operant Conditioning
When a specific response produces reinforcement and the frequency of the response determines the amount of reinforcement obtained
Primary Reinforcement
An activity whose reinforcing properties are innate
Secondary Reinforcement
An event that has developed its reinforcing properties through its association with primary reinforcements
Negative Reinforcement
The termination of an aversive event, which reinforces the behavior that proceeded it
Shaping by Successive Approximations
A technique of acquiring a desired behavior by first selecting a highly occurring operant behavior, then slowly changing the contingency until the desired behavior is learned
Ratio schedules versus interval schedules of reinforcement
A contingency that specifies that a certain number of behaviors are necessary to produce reinforcement
Variable/fixed-interval
A contingency in which there is an average interval of time between available reinforcements, but the interval varies from one reinforcement to the next reinforcement becoming available
Variable/fixed-ratio
A contingency in which an average number of behaviors produces reinforcement, but the actual number of responses required to produce reinforcement varies over the course of training
Differential Reinforcement Schedule.
A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of behaviors must occur within a specified time in order for reinforcement to occur
