Chapter 4 Key Terms Flashcards
Analgesia
A reduced sensitivity to painful events
Hypoalgesia
A decreased sensitivity to painful events
Hyperalgesia
A increased sensitivity to a painful event
Backward Blocking
Reduced conditioned response to the second stimulus (CS2) caused when two stimuli (CS1 and CS2) are paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) followed by the presentation of only the first stimulus with the UCS
Comparator Theory
The theory that the ability of a particular stimulus to elicit a conditioned response (CR) depends upon a comparison of the level of conditioning to that stimulus and to the other stimuli paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Context Blocking
The idea that conditioning to the context can prevent acquisition of a conditioned response to a stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus in that context
CS Preexposure Effect
When the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) prior to the conditioning impairs the acquisition of the conditioned response once the CS is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Cue Deflation Effect
When the extinction of a response to one cue leads to an increased reaction to the other conditioned stimulus
Drug Tolerance
The reduced effectiveness of a drug as a result of the repeated use of the drug
Learned Irrelevance
The presentation of a stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) leads to the recognition that the stimulus is irrelevant, stops attention to that stimulus, and impairs conditioning when the stimulus is later paired with the UCS
Mackintosh’s Attentional View
The idea that animals attend to stimuli that are predictive of biologically significant events (unconditioned stimuli) and ignore stimuli that are irrelevant
Overshadowing
In a compound conditioned situation, the prevention of conditioning to the stimulus due to the presence of a more salient or intense stimulus
Pearce-Hall Model
The theory that assumes that uncertainty determines attention during Pavlovian conditioning
Potentiation
The enhancement of a conditioned response (CR) to a nonsalient stimulus when a salient stimulus is also paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Predictiveness Principle
The theory that the predictiveness of a stimulus determines attention during Pavlovian conditioning
Rescorla-Wagner Model
The view that a particular unconditioned stimulus (UCS) can support only a specific level of conditioning and that when the two or more stimuli are paired with a UCS, each stimulus must compete for the associative strength available for conditioning
Retrospective Processing
The continual assessment of a contingencies, which can lead to a reevaluation of prior conditioning of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Sometimes Opponent Processing
Wagner’s idea that the conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes able to elicit the secondary A2 component of the unconditioned response (UCR) as the conditioned response (CR) and the A2 component is sometimes the opposite of and sometimes the same as the A1 component
Stimulus—Substitution Theory
Pavlov’s view that pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) allows the CS to elicit the unconditioned response (UCR) as the conditioned response (CR)
Surprise
The occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must be unexpected or surprising for the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli to be associated
UCS Preexposure Effect
The effect caused by exposure to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) prior to conditioning; it impairs later conditioning when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with that UCS
Unblocking
The blocking of conditioning to CS2 can be negated if the number of unconditioned stimulus (UCS) experiences is increased
Uncertainty Principle
The idea that assumes uncertainty determines attention during Pavlovian conditioning
Within-Compound Association
The association of two stimuli, both paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which leads both to elicit a conditioned response (CR)