Chapter 4 Key Terms

Question 1

Analgesia

Answer 1

A reduced sensitivity to painful events

Question 2

Hypoalgesia

Answer 2

A decreased sensitivity to painful events

Question 3

Hyperalgesia

Answer 3

A increased sensitivity to a painful event

Question 4

Backward Blocking

Answer 4

Reduced conditioned response to the second stimulus (CS2) caused when two stimuli (CS1 and CS2) are paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) followed by the presentation of only the first stimulus with the UCS

Question 5

Comparator Theory

Answer 5

The theory that the ability of a particular stimulus to elicit a conditioned response (CR) depends upon a comparison of the level of conditioning to that stimulus and to the other stimuli paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 6

Context Blocking

Answer 6

The idea that conditioning to the context can prevent acquisition of a conditioned response to a stimulus paired with the unconditioned stimulus in that context

Question 7

CS Preexposure Effect

Answer 7

When the presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) prior to the conditioning impairs the acquisition of the conditioned response once the CS is paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 8

Cue Deflation Effect

Answer 8

When the extinction of a response to one cue leads to an increased reaction to the other conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Drug Tolerance

Answer 9

The reduced effectiveness of a drug as a result of the repeated use of the drug

Question 10

Learned Irrelevance

Answer 10

The presentation of a stimulus without an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) leads to the recognition that the stimulus is irrelevant, stops attention to that stimulus, and impairs conditioning when the stimulus is later paired with the UCS

Question 11

Mackintosh’s Attentional View

Answer 11

The idea that animals attend to stimuli that are predictive of biologically significant events (unconditioned stimuli) and ignore stimuli that are irrelevant

Question 12

Overshadowing

Answer 12

In a compound conditioned situation, the prevention of conditioning to the stimulus due to the presence of a more salient or intense stimulus

Question 13

Pearce-Hall Model

Answer 13

The theory that assumes that uncertainty determines attention during Pavlovian conditioning

Question 14

Potentiation

Answer 14

The enhancement of a conditioned response (CR) to a nonsalient stimulus when a salient stimulus is also paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 15

Predictiveness Principle

Answer 15

The theory that the predictiveness of a stimulus determines attention during Pavlovian conditioning

Question 16

Rescorla-Wagner Model

Answer 16

The view that a particular unconditioned stimulus (UCS) can support only a specific level of conditioning and that when the two or more stimuli are paired with a UCS, each stimulus must compete for the associative strength available for conditioning

Question 17

Retrospective Processing

Answer 17

The continual assessment of a contingencies, which can lead to a reevaluation of prior conditioning of a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 18

Sometimes Opponent Processing

Answer 18

Wagner’s idea that the conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes able to elicit the secondary A2 component of the unconditioned response (UCR) as the conditioned response (CR) and the A2 component is sometimes the opposite of and sometimes the same as the A1 component

Question 19

Stimulus—Substitution Theory

Answer 19

Pavlov’s view that pairing of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) allows the CS to elicit the unconditioned response (UCR) as the conditioned response (CR)

Question 20

Surprise

Answer 20

The occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) must be unexpected or surprising for the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli to be associated

Question 21

UCS Preexposure Effect

Answer 21

The effect caused by exposure to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) prior to conditioning; it impairs later conditioning when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with that UCS

Question 22

Unblocking

Answer 22

The blocking of conditioning to CS2 can be negated if the number of unconditioned stimulus (UCS) experiences is increased

Question 23

Uncertainty Principle

Answer 23

The idea that assumes uncertainty determines attention during Pavlovian conditioning

Question 24

Within-Compound Association

Answer 24

The association of two stimuli, both paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which leads both to elicit a conditioned response (CR)