Chapter 6 Review from textbook Flashcards
Animals and people can learn
to escape from an aversive event
The more intense the aversive event
the faster an escape response is acquired
The greater the decrease in the severity of the aversive event following the escape behavior
the faster the escape response is learned
The shorter the delay of negative reinforcement following the escape behavior
the faster the escape response is acquired
Extinction typically occurs if the escape response is _____.
punished
An animal or person may stop responding if the aversive event is no longer presented.
However, fear conditioned during escape learning may impair the extinction of the escape response
In vicious circle behavior
The escape response continues despite the fact that the failure to escape is not punished
In active avoidance learning
a specific overt behavior can be used to avoid an aversive event
In passive avoidance learning
the suppression of response will prevent the aversive event
In passive avoidance and active avoidance learning
increases in the severity of the aversive event lead to a faster avoidance learning
The longer the interval between the CS and UCS
the slower the acquisition of the avoidance response
Punishment is
the presentation of an aversive contingent on the occurrence of an undesired response
Positive punishment
represents the presentation of a painful event after the occurrence of an undesired response
Negative punishment is
the loss of reinforcement (response cost) or the inability to obtain reinforcement for a specified period of time (time-out) which is contingent on the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior
Punishment often only temporarily suppresses the punished response, but can in some circumstances
permanently suppress undesired behavior
The more severe the punishment, the more consistent the administration of punishment
the shorter the delay between punishment and the undesired behavior, the more effective the punishment
Punishment can elicit
aggressive behavior and/or serve as a model of the use of punishment as a means of behavioral control
An environment associated with punishment may become aversive
thereby motivating escape behavior
The effects of punishment may generalize to other nonpunished behavior
the contingency between behavior and punishment may go unrecognized, leading to learned helplessness
Flooding is one option for treating
human phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors
The flooding technique prevents a person from
exhibiting the avoidance response
The success of flooding depends upon
providing sufficient exposure to the feared stimulus to extinguish the avoidance response
Positive punishment presents
a painful event contingent upon the occurrence of an undesired behavior
Response cost refers to
penalty or fine contingent upon the occurrence of an undesired behavior
Time-out from reinforcement refers to
the program in which the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior results in a loss of access to reinforcement for a specified period of time
Safeguards have been established to protect individuals from cruel and unusual punishment
Adherence to ethical standards of conduct should allow the use of punishment as a method of influencing behavior while ensuring that those punished will experience less discomfort than they would if the treatment had not been employed
