Chapter 6 Review from textbook

Question 1

Animals and people can learn

Answer 1

to escape from an aversive event

Question 2

The more intense the aversive event

Answer 2

the faster an escape response is acquired

Question 3

The greater the decrease in the severity of the aversive event following the escape behavior

Answer 3

the faster the escape response is learned

Question 4

The shorter the delay of negative reinforcement following the escape behavior

Answer 4

the faster the escape response is acquired

Question 5

Extinction typically occurs if the escape response is _____.

Answer 5

punished

Question 6

An animal or person may stop responding if the aversive event is no longer presented.

Answer 6

However, fear conditioned during escape learning may impair the extinction of the escape response

Question 7

In vicious circle behavior

Answer 7

The escape response continues despite the fact that the failure to escape is not punished

Question 8

In active avoidance learning

Answer 8

a specific overt behavior can be used to avoid an aversive event

Question 9

In passive avoidance learning

Answer 9

the suppression of response will prevent the aversive event

Question 10

In passive avoidance and active avoidance learning

Answer 10

increases in the severity of the aversive event lead to a faster avoidance learning

Question 11

The longer the interval between the CS and UCS

Answer 11

the slower the acquisition of the avoidance response

Question 12

Punishment is

Answer 12

the presentation of an aversive contingent on the occurrence of an undesired response

Question 13

Positive punishment

Answer 13

represents the presentation of a painful event after the occurrence of an undesired response

Question 14

Negative punishment is

Answer 14

the loss of reinforcement (response cost) or the inability to obtain reinforcement for a specified period of time (time-out) which is contingent on the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior

Question 15

Punishment often only temporarily suppresses the punished response, but can in some circumstances

Answer 15

permanently suppress undesired behavior

Question 16

The more severe the punishment, the more consistent the administration of punishment

Answer 16

the shorter the delay between punishment and the undesired behavior, the more effective the punishment

Question 17

Punishment can elicit

Answer 17

aggressive behavior and/or serve as a model of the use of punishment as a means of behavioral control

Question 18

An environment associated with punishment may become aversive

Answer 18

thereby motivating escape behavior

Question 19

The effects of punishment may generalize to other nonpunished behavior

Answer 19

the contingency between behavior and punishment may go unrecognized, leading to learned helplessness

Question 20

Flooding is one option for treating

Answer 20

human phobias and obsessive-compulsive behaviors

Question 21

The flooding technique prevents a person from

Answer 21

exhibiting the avoidance response

Question 22

The success of flooding depends upon

Answer 22

providing sufficient exposure to the feared stimulus to extinguish the avoidance response

Question 23

Positive punishment presents

Answer 23

a painful event contingent upon the occurrence of an undesired behavior

Question 24

Response cost refers to

Answer 24

penalty or fine contingent upon the occurrence of an undesired behavior

Question 25

Time-out from reinforcement refers to

Answer 25

the program in which the occurrence of an inappropriate behavior results in a loss of access to reinforcement for a specified period of time

Question 26

Safeguards have been established to protect individuals from cruel and unusual punishment

Answer 26

Adherence to ethical standards of conduct should allow the use of punishment as a method of influencing behavior while ensuring that those punished will experience less discomfort than they would if the treatment had not been employed