Chapter 5 Key Terms Flashcards
Behavior Modification
Techniques for changing behavior that rely on Pavlovian conditioning or instrumental or operant conditioning
Compound Schedule
A complex contingency where two or more schedules of reinforcement are combined
Contingency
The specific relationship between a specific behavior and reinforcement
Contingency Management
The use of a contingent reinforcement and nonreinforcement to increase the frequency of appropriate behavior and eliminate inappropriate behaviors
Depression Effect
The effect in which a shift from high to low reward magnitude produces a lower level of response than if the reward magnitude had always been low
Differential Reinforcement of high responding (DRH) schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific high number of responses must occur within a specified time in order for reinforcement to occur
Differential Reinforcement of low responding (DRL) schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which a certain amount of time must elapse without responding, with reinforcement following the first response after the interval
Differential Reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which the absence of a specific response within a specified time leads to reinforcement
Differential Reinforcement Schedule
A schedule of reinforcement in which a specific number of behaviors must occur within a specified time in order for reinforcement to occur
Elation Effect
The effect in which a shift from low to high reward magnitude produces a greater level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been high
Extinction of an instrumental or operant response
When the discontinuance of reinforcement leads to the suppression of the instrumental or operant response
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule
A contingency in which reinforcement is available only after a specified period of time and the first response emitted after the interval has elapsed is reinforced
Instrumental Conditioning
A conditioning procedure in which the environment constrains the opportunity for reward and a specific behavior can obtain reward
Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
A contingency that specifies that reinforcement becomes available at a certain period of time after the last reinforcement
Medial Amygdala
The section of the amygdala that produces the emotion of frustration when a goal is blocked
Negative Contrast (or depression) effect
The effect in which a shift from high to low reward magnitude produces a lower level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been low
Negative Reinforcement
The termination of an aversive event, which reinforces the behavior that proceeded it
Operant Conditioning
When a specific response produces reinforcement and the frequency of the response determines the amount of reinforcement obtained
Partial Reinforcement Effect
The greater resistance to extinction of an instrumental or operant response following intermittent rather than continuous reinforcement during acquisition
Positive Contrast (or elation effect)
The effect in which a shift from a low to high reward magnitude produces a greater level of responding than if the reward magnitude had always been high
Positive Reinforcement
An event whose occurrence increases the frequency of the behavior that precedes it
PostReinforcement Pause
A cessation of behavior following reinforcement on a ratio schedule, which is followed by resumption of responding at the intensity characteristic of that ratio schedule
Primary Reinforcement
An activity whose reinforcing properties are innate
Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
A contingency that specifies that a certain number of behaviors are necessary to produce reinforcement
Reinforcement
An event (or termination of an event) that increases the frequency of the operant behavior that preceded it
Scallop Effect
A pattern of behavior characteristic of a fixed interval (FI) schedule, where responding stops after reinforcement and then slowly increases as the time approaches when reinforcement will be available
Schedule of Reinforcement
A contingency that specifies how often or when to act to receive reinforcement
Secondary Reinforcement
An event that has developed its reinforcing properties through its association with primary reinforcements
Shaping (or successive approximation procedure)
A technique of acquiring a desired behavior by first selecting a highly occurring operant behavior, then slowly changing the contingency until the desired behavior is learned
Token Economy
A contingency management program where tokens are used as secondary reinforcement for appropriate behaviors
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule
A contingency in which there is an average interval of time between available reinforcements, but the interval varies from one reinforcement to the next reinforcement becoming available
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule
A contingency in which an average number of behaviors produces reinforcement, but the actual number of responses required to produce reinforcement varies over the course of training
