Chapter 8 Review from Textbook

Question 1

The view that some laws govern the learning of all behaviors has allowed psychologists to study behaviors in the laboratory that animals do not exhibit in natural settings

Answer 1

And propose that learning functions to organize reflexes and random responses.

Question 2

Timberlake’s behavior systems approach suggests that

Answer 2

Animals possess highly organized instinctive behavior systems that serve specific needs or functions in the animal.

Question 3

In Timberlake’s view, learning modifies instinctive behavior systems

Answer 3

And intensifies a motivational mode or changes the integration or sensitivity in the perceptual-motor module.

Question 4

Variations in learning are due either to predispositions, when an animal learns more rapidly or in a different form than expected

Answer 4

Or constraints, when an animal learns less rapidly or completely than expected.

Question 5

Breland and Breland trained many exotic behaviors in a wide variety of animal species

Answer 5

However, they found that some operant responses, although initially performed effectively, deteriorated with continued training despite repeated food reinforcements.

Question 6

Animal misbehavior occurs when

Answer 6

(1) The stimuli present during operant conditioning resemble the natural cues controlling food-gathering activities.
(2) These stimuli are paired with food reinforcement, and
(3) The instinctive food-gathering behaviors the stimuli elicit during conditioning are reinforced.

Question 7

A wide variety of instinctive behaviors occur in

Answer 7

The time period following reinforcement.

Question 8

Schedule-induced behavior appears to reflect the elicitation of

Answer 8

Instinctive consummatory behavior by periodic reinforcements.

Question 9

SIP appears to be a good model of

Answer 9

Human alcoholism.

Question 10

When an animal or person experiences illness after eating a particular food

Answer 10

An association develops between the food and the illness.

Question 11

Nocturnal animals, like rats, associate flavor more readily with illness than with environmental events

Answer 11

In contrast, visual stimuli are more salient than flavor cues in diurnal animals like birds or guinea pigs.

Question 12

Kalat and Rozin’s learned-safety view assumes that when an animal eats a good and no illness results, it learns that the food can be safely consumed

Answer 12

However, if the animal becomes ill after eating, it will learn to avoid that food.

Question 13

Revusky’s concurrent interference theory proposes that an aversion may not develop if

Answer 13

Other foods are experienced between the initial food and the illness.

Question 14

The lateral and central amygdala play an important role in

Answer 14

Flavor aversion learning as well as fear conditioning.

Question 15

Conditioned flavor preferences develop when neutral flavors are associated with either

Answer 15

Sweetness (flavor-sweetness preference) or high-density nutrients (flavor-nutrient preference)

Question 16

Flavor preference associations are acquired readily and can

Answer 16

Be learned over a delay between the flavor and positive nutritional consequences.

Question 17

Activity in the dopamine neurons in the nucleus accumbens is central to

Answer 17

The conditioning of flavor-sweetness and flavor-nutrient preferences.

Question 18

Young animals develop strong attachments to their mothers through the

Answer 18

Imprinting process.

Question 19

Animals are most likely to imprint during a specified period of development called

Answer 19

A sensitive period.

Question 20

The animal’s attachment to the imprinted object reflects both

Answer 20

Associative and Instinctive processes.

Question 21

The neural circuit that begins in the dorsal amygdala and ends in the

Answer 21

Nucleus accumbens is able to motivate social attachment behaviors.

Question 22

Animal possess instinctive responses called

Answer 22

SSDRs that allow them to avoid dangerous events.

Question 23

Once animals anticipate danger

Answer 23

They will readily learn to avoid it if an SSDR is effective.

Question 24

Fredrickson and her colleagues demonstrate that positive emotions broaden a human’s thought-action repertoire

Answer 24

While negative emotions limit the ways in which threat or danger is met.

Question 25

The mesolimbic reinforcement system includes the tegmentostrialatal pathway

Answer 25

Which governs the motivational properties of reinforcement, and the nigrostriatal pathway, which governs memory consolidation.

Question 26

The reinforcing effects of both amphetamine and cocaine from the activation of

Answer 26

Dopaminergic receptors in the tegmentostriatal pathway.

Question 27

The reinforcing effects of opiate agonists such as heroin and morphine result from

Answer 27

The stimulation of opiate receptors in the tegmentostriatal pathway.

Question 28

Opiate agonists and dopamine agonists activate different receptors in the tegmentostriatal pathway with the same end result

Answer 28

Increased dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 29

Individual differences in response to reinforcement are positively correlated with

Answer 29

The level of dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens.

Question 30

High levels of dopamine activity are associated with

Answer 30

Compulsive drug use, gambling, sexual behavior, and spending behavior, which are behaviors associated with addiction.