Chapter 5 Review from textbook

Question 1

In instrumental conditioning, constraints are placed on the opportunity to gain reward

Answer 1

operant conditioning has no constraints, and the animal or person can freely respond to obtain reinforcement

Question 2

Primary reinforcements possess innate reinforcing ability

Answer 2

secondary reinforcements develop the capacity to reinforce instrumental or operant behavior

Question 3

The reinforcing property of a secondary reinforcement is determined by the following three things

Answer 3

(1) The strength of the primary reinforcement it is associated with
(2) the number of pairings of the primary and secondary reinforcements
(3) the delay between primary and secondary reinforcement

Question 4

A positive reinforcement is an event that has reinforcing properties

Answer 4

a negative reinforcement is the removal of an unpleasant event

Question 5

Shaping involves reinforcing a response that occurs at a high rate and then

Answer 5

changing the contingency so that closer and closer approximations to the final behavior

Question 6

A fixed number of responses are necessary to produce reinforcement on FR schedules

Answer 6

an average number of responses lead to reinforcement on VR schedules

Question 7

On an FR schedule, responding stops following reinforcement, called a postreinfrocement pause.

Answer 7

After the pause, responding resumes at the rate present before reinforcement

Question 8

On a VR schedule, response rate is high, with only an

Answer 8

occasional postreinforcement pause.

Question 9

The first response occurring after a specified interval of time produces reinforcement on an FI schedule

Answer 9

an average interval of time elapses between available reinforcements on a VI schedule; the length of time varies from one interval to the next

Question 10

On an FI schedule, responding stops after reinforcement, with the rate of response increasing slowly as the time approaches when reinforcement will once more become available

Answer 10

the behavior characteristic of a FI schedule is called the scallop effect

Question 11

The scallop effect does not occur on VI schedules

Answer 11

there is no pause following reinforcement on a VI schedule

Question 12

The response requirement is high within a specified amount of time with a DRH schedule

Answer 12

and low with a DRL schedule

Question 13

A DRO schedule requires

Answer 13

an absence of response during the specified time period

Question 14

An instrumental or operant response is learned rapidly if

Answer 14

reward immediately follows the response

Question 15

The performance of the instrumental or operant response is higher with a larger rather than smaller reward

Answer 15

which is due to the greater motivational impact of a large reward

Question 16

A shift from large to small reward leads to a rapid decrease in response

Answer 16

a shift from a small to large reward causes a significant increase in response

Question 17

The negative contrast (or depression) effect is a lower level of performance when

Answer 17

the reward magnitude is shifted from high to low than when the reward magnitude is always low

Question 18

The positive contrast (or elation) effect is a higher level of performance when the reward magnitude is shifted from

Answer 18

low to high than when the reward magnitude is always high

Question 19

The frequency and intensity of an instrumental or operant behavior declines during

Answer 19

extinction when that behavior no longer produces reward

Question 20

Nonreward can increase the intensity of instrumental or operant behavior when the

Answer 20

memory of nonreward has been conditioned to elicit the contingent behavior

Question 21

Nonreward eventually leads to an inhibition of an instrumental or operant behavior response as well as

Answer 21

elicitation of escape response to elicit the contingent behavior

Question 22

The environmental cues present during nonreward can develop aversive properties

Answer 22

which motivates escape from situations associated with nonreward

Question 23

Partial rather than continuous reinforcement leads to

Answer 23

a slower extinction of the instrumental or operant behavior

Question 24

The partial reinforcement effect is caused by

Answer 24

conditioned persistence and/or the memory of nonreinforcement associated with the appetitive behavior

Question 25

Contingent reinforcement have been useful in many real-world situations

Answer 25

to increase appropriate behaviors and decrease inappropriate behaviors

Question 26

There are three stages of contingency management:

Answer 26

(1) assessment
(2) contracting
(3) implementation

Question 27

In the assessment stage

Answer 27

The baseline levels of appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, the situation in which these behaviors occur, and potential reinforces are determined

Question 28

In the contracting stage

Answer 28

the precise relationship between the operant response and the reinforcement is decided

Question 29

Implementation of the contingency contract involves

Answer 29

providing reinforcement contingent upon the appropriate response or upon absence of the inappropriate behavior, or both.

Question 30

Contingency management has successfully modified many different behaviors

Answer 30

including inadequate living skills, drug use, poor study habits, antisocial responses, and energy consumption