Chapter 12 Review Flashcards
The Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage model proposes that
Memory is stored in 3 successive stages.
The sensory register is the
First stage of memory
A visual copy contained in the sensory store is referred to as an icon
An auditory experience in the sensory store is called an echo.
Echoes last longer than icons because while a visual experience conveys all the information needed to detect salient characteristics
Recognition of an auditory event requires that individual sounds be retained in the sensory store until the whole event is detected.
Sensory memories also exist for
tactile, oldfactory, and gustatory experiences.
Information in the sensory register decays rapidly
and is lost unless it is transferred to the short-term store.
Information remains in the short-term store for approximately 15 to 20 seconds
and during this time and event is analyzed and organized to create a more meaningful memory.
The short-term store is thought to have a limited storage capacity
It can retain 3-4 units of information at one time.
Chunking combines bits of information and
Is recalled in categories of chinked material.
Coding transfers a visual experience into an acoustic code and
Words or ideas into an image or visual code.
Another organizational function of the short-term store is
The association of events.
The hierarchical approach assumes that
semantic memory consists of hierarchical networks of interconnected concept nodes.
Spreading activation theory assumes that semantic memory is organized in terms of
Associations between concepts and the properties of concepts.
The parallel distributed model assumes that
Semantic memory is composed of specific patterns of neural activity.
The short-term store can rehearse or replay prior experiences, which can help retain information in the short-term store for a longer period (maintenance rehearsal)
and can enhance recall by making the memory more meaningful (elaborative rehearsal)
Baddeley’s rehearsal systems approach argues that
Information is retained in several sensory registers for the working memory to analyze.
Rehearsal systems hold information in the working memory so
That it can be processed into the more organized memory.
The phonological loop retains verbal information
and the visuospatial sketchpad maintains visual or spatial experiences in working memory.
The central executive places information into a rehearsal system, transfers information among rehearsal systems and
Between permanent memory and rehearsal systems, and retrieves information from any rehearsal systems.
The episodic buffer
Binds together events to form integrated episodes.
The prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, and mediodorsal thalamus
Play a significant role in the storage of experiences by working memory.
Experience increases the connectivity between the hippocampus and the
Prefrontal cortex and enhances the efficacy of working memory.
The long-term store is the
Site of permanent memory.
An episodic memory is easy to store but difficult to retrieve
In contrast, a semantic memory is difficult to store but easy to retrieve.
Procedural memories contain information about the performance of specific skills
While declarative memories contain knowledge about the environment.
Experiences increases synaptic responsiveness of existing neural connection
as well the establishment of new connections between neurons.
Damage to the medial temporal lobe causes anterograde amnesia
Or an inability to recall events subsequent to the damage.
A broad neural network involving the medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus and surrounding neural tissue as well as parts of the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes
is involved in the storage and retrieval of episodic and semantic memory that are involved in cognitive tasks.
The basal ganglia plays an important role in the
Storage and retrieval of procedural memory.
