Chapter 4 Review from textbook

Question 1

Pavlov suggested that the simultaneous activity of CS and UCS brain areas creates a neural pathway between the CS and UCS brain centers

Answer 1

which allows the CS to elicit the UCR because of its ability to arouse the UCS and UCR brain areas

Question 2

Siegel found the UCR to morphine is analgesia, or reduced sensitivity to pain, and the CR is hyperalgesia

Answer 2

or a increased sensitivity to pain; the UCR to insulin is hypoglycemia, and the CR is hyperglycemia; the UCR to alcohol is hypothermia, and the CR is hyperthermia

Question 3

Siegel suggested that conditioning of the opponent CR contributes to ____ ______.

Answer 3

drug tolerance

Question 4

Siegel noted that drug overdoses can occur when a drug is consumed in a new environment

Answer 4

as a result of the absence of the conditioned opponent response

Question 5

SOP theory suggests that the UCS elicits two UCRs

Answer 5

a primary A1 component and a secondary A2 component

Question 6

The Primary A1 component is elicited rapidly by the UCS and decays quickly after the UCS ends.

Answer 6

In contrast, the onset and decay of the secondary A2 component is gradual.

Question 7

SOP theory assumes that the secondary A2 component becomes the ___

Answer 7

CR

Question 8

The CR will seem different from the UCR when the A1 and A2 components differ

Answer 8

while the CR will appear to be similar to the UCR when the A1 and A2 components are similar

Question 9

AESOP proposes that the UCS elicits separate emotive and sensory ___s.

Answer 9

UCRs.

Question 10

According to AESOP, the emotive and sensory UCRs, Can have different time courses

Answer 10

which can lead to divergent conditioning outcomes for sensory and emotive CRs.

Question 11

The Rescorla-Wagner model proposes that

Answer 11

(1) the UCS supports a maximum level of conditioning
(2) the associative strength increases readily early training but more slowly later in conditioning
(3) the rate of conditioning is more rapid with some CSs or UCSs than with others
(4) The level of conditioning on a particular trial depends upon the level of prior conditioning to the CS and the other stimuli present during conditioning

Question 12

Accoriding to the Rescorla-Wagner theory, blocking occurs as a result of conditioning associative strength to one stimulus

Answer 12

thereby preventing conditioning to a second stimulus due to a lack of available associative strength.

Question 13

Preexposure to the UCS impairs subsequent conditioning due to the

Answer 13

contextual blocking; a change in context eliminates the UCS preexposure effect.

Question 14

In a compound conditioning situation, overshadowing occurs when the presence of a salient stimulus prevents conditioning to a less salient stimulus

Answer 14

while potentiation occurs when the presence of a salient stimulus enhances the conditioning to the less salient stimulus

Question 15

Rescola suggested that under conditions, two stimuli paired with the UCS develop a within-compound association (potentiation)

Answer 15

instead of competing for associative strength (overshadowing)

Question 16

Comparator theory argues that animals learn about all CS-UCS relationships and that blocking occurs when the animal does not

Answer 16

respond to the CS2 because the CS2-UCS association is weaker than the CS1-UCS association

Question 17

Deflation of the value of the CS1 by extinction results in an increased response to the CS2 due to the

Answer 17

favorable comparison of the CS2-UCS association to the CS1-UCS association

Question 18

Mackintosh’s attentional view suggests that animals seek

Answer 18

information to predict the occurrence of biologically significant events (UCSs)

Question 19

As the result of the preexposure to the CS, an animal learns that the CS is

Answer 19

irrelevant, which makes it difficult to later learn that the CS correlates with the UCS

Question 20

The Pearce-Hall model assumes that the attention is determined by

Answer 20

uncertainty and that the attention is focused on stimuli whose predictiveness is uncertain

Question 21

The occurrence of an unexpected event is surprising when

Answer 21

it leads to the association of the novel stimulus with the unexpected event

Question 22

Baker’s retrospective processing theory proposes that animals are continuously monitoring the contingency between CS and UCS

Answer 22

that experience with a CS or UCS alone after conditioning can lead the animal to reevaluate the predictive value of the CS

Question 23

The backward blocking phenomenon occurs when

Answer 23

there is a reduced response to the CS2 when CS1-UCS parings follow CS1-CS2-UCS pairings