Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Evolution > Exam 2 PPTs - 8 > Flashcards

Exam 2 PPTs - 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Human races are not like dog breeds: refuting a racist analogy:

  • dogs factored greatly into Darwin’s conception of evolution and he specifically pondered the similarities of … and dog breeds in The Descent of Man
  • J.B.S. Haldane posed a question to a group of anthropologists at the Royal Society in 1956: “Are the biological differences between human groups comparable with those between groups of domestic animals such as greyhounds and bulldogs?”
  • is race fundamentally … or a …?
A

human races;
biological;
social construct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Human races are not like dog breeds: refuting a racist analogy:

  • compare genotypic and phenotypic variation within and between human groups and within and between dog breeds
  • demonstrate the fundamental biological differences between … in the two different species
  • fundamental distinctions between “race” in humans and dog breed categories
  • discuss the sociocultural significance of this analogy and the importance of its refutaiton
A

patterns of variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Population structure of human races and dog breeds:

  • A key assumption of the race-breed analogy is that both human “races” and dog breeds are formed and structured in similar ways
  • If this assumption holds, then one expects to observe both high levels of … and low levels of …
  • this predicts that groups (whether races or breeds) are clearly distinguishable from each other while at the same time also being internally very similar
A

among-group diversity;

within-group diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Population structure of human races and dog breeds:

  • patterns of among- versus within-group genetic diversity can be assessed using various tools and methods from the field of population genetics.
  • Fst statistic and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) allow one to investigate patterns of …
  • higher Fst values indicate a more … population
  • AMOVA allows a researcher to partition the total amount of … in a sample into different levels
A

among versus within-group genetic diversity;
structured;
genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Population structure of human races and dog breeds:
Genetic diversity in Dogs:
- within-breed genetic variation was …
- Fst estimates indicated high levels of … among breeds
- AMOVA: about 27% of variation among dogs could be attributed to …

A

low;
differentiation;
variation across breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Population structure of human races and dog breeds:
Genetic diversity in Humans:
- 4/5/7 broad geographical groups(populations) depending on the method and the data
- Within-group genetic variation was …
- Fst values between continental groups are far …
- AMOVA: differences among these groups accounted for only 3.3 - 4.7% of the variation. variation within populations accounts for about 92.9 - 94.3%

A

high;

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Population structure of human races and dog breeds:
Genetic diversity in Humans vs. Dogs:
- greater degree of global genetic variation in humans can be attributable to variation … rather than …

A 
within local populations; 
between regional (racial) groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Population structure of human races and dog breeds:
Genetic diversity in Humans vs. Dogs:
- greater degree of global genetic variation in humans can be attributable to variation within local populations rather than between regional groups
- substantial … can be found within these groups
- lower levels of … observed within dog breeds
- large amount of genetic variation that can be explained by …

A

heterogeneity;
heterozygosity;
breed differences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Population structure of human races and dog breeds:
Genetic diversity in Humans vs. Dogs:
- within the US, racial categories (as recognized by the US census) have shifted over time, reflecting concerns about slavery, immigration and access to resources
- alongside that ongoing history, there has been disagreement among geneticists about how human genetic variation is patterned, most famously between lewontin and edwards
- marks wrote: “The point of the biological theory of race was to discover large clusters of people that are principally … within and … between contrasting groups. Lewontin’s analysis shows that such groups do not exist in the human species, and Edwards’ critique does not contradict that interpretation”

A

homogenous;

heterogeneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Origins and evolution of biological variation within humans and domestic dogs:
- present human biogeographic variation has been shaped by Late Pleistocene … and …, …, …, …, … and … with other species, not to mention …

A 
migration; 
gene flow; 
genetic isolation; 
genetic drift; 
selection; 
epigenetic change; 
coevolution; 
culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Origins and evolution of biological variation within humans and domestic dogs:

  • a number of very rare (and usually very young) alleles may be …, the majority of common genetic variants are not private to a particular continent, and are often shared across multiple regions
  • in contrast with dogs, no modern human populations have ever been … over many generations
A

geographically localized;

completely reproductively isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Origins and evolution of biological variation within humans and domestic dogs:

  • while the so-called “ancient breeds” like chow chows and salukis are as old as a few 1000 years, most dog breeds are younger than few 100 yrs
  • some breeds (e.g. the Bernese mountain dog) arose by … breeds while others were bred from exiting breeds to …
  • breeds arise due to breeders’ extreme control of … to maximize the presence of desired traits in the next generation of dogs
A

hybridizing;
serve a particular role;
mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Origins and evolution of biological variation within humans and domestic dogs:

  • in this process of …, dogs are prevented from mating outside their breed and only a limited number of animals are permitted to reproduce within a breed
  • intense … is one of the main reasons why dogs have over 1000 inherited diseases and health disorders
A

artificial selection;

inbreeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Genotype-phenotype relationships in comparable dog and human traits that vary:

  • historically, human racial classifications included some combination of … characteristics, like pigmentation and body size and shape
  • exploring the biology underlying these characteristics helps refute the human race dog breed analogy
  • skin and hair color: controlled by … of genes in humans, … genes in dogs
A

physical;
dozens;
nine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Genotype-phenotype relationships in comparable dog and human traits that vary:

  • exploring the biology underlying these characteristics helps refute the human race dog breed analogy
  • the same goes for height, with humans having significant overlap among populations: it takes more than … genetic loci to explain only half of human height variation, only … major genetic loci explain roughly 50% the variation in size between breeds
A

400;

six

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Genotype-phenotype relationships in comparable dog and human traits that vary:

  • These differences between humans and dogs in the genetic complexity and the diversity of their traits are due to the distinct impact of … on dogs
  • human genetic variation has been shaped over many generations by relatively weak … on most traits, including height
A

artificial selection;

natural selection

17
Q

Genotype-phenotype relationships in comparable dog and human traits that vary:
natural selection on height:
- may occur in certain … conditions
- nevertheless the majority of individuals across the phenotypic spectrum will still. …
- … dilutes natural selection’s ability to drive large differences in phenotypes between populations
- as a result, human populations are genetically very similar to one another with overlapping phenotypes

A

climate;
reproduce;
gene flow

18
Q

The sociocultural and political construction of race:

  • definitions and perceptions of racial categories vary person to person, culture to culture, and throughout time
  • dog breeds are strictly defined in their …
A

breed standards

19
Q

The sociocultural and political construction of race:

  • For physician and anatomist, J.F. Blumenbach, Georgians or “Caucasians” represented “the closet approximation of … for human form, and other human populations departed from that manifestation of the ideal.” Eventually, Blumenbach’s favorite race became “white.”
  • divided humans into 5 races: the …/… race, the …/… rice, the …/… race, the …/… race, the …/… race
A 
God's intent; 
Caucasian; white; 
Mongolian; yellow; 
Malayan; brown; 
Ethiopian; black; 
American; red
20
Q

The sociocultural and political construction of race:
- Further anatomical study led him to the conclusion that ‘individual Africans differ as much, or even more, from … as from …’”

A

other Africans;

Europeans’

21
Q
  • unfortunately, by some measures, the use of race as a biological category has increased in the postgenomic age
  • we believe the use of biological concepts of race in human genetic research is problematic at best and harmful at worst
    ~
    William Edward Burghardt Du Bois:
  • American and Ghanaian sociologist, socialist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, writer and editor
  • The first African American to earn a doctorate
  • At the turn of 20th century, sociologist and civil rights leader W.E.B Du Bois was the first to conclude that the concept of race was not a …
  • contrary to the then-dominant view, Du Bois maintained that health disparities between blacks and whites stemmed from …, not …, inequality
A

scientific category;
social;
biological

22
Q

The sociocultural and political construction of race:
Theodosius Dobzhansky:
- Ukranian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist
- Helped reimagine the race concept in the 1930s at the outset of the evolutionary synthesis
- Scientific study of human diversity had “floundered in confusion and misunderstanding”
- his transformation from … to … of the race concept in biology still resonates

A

defender;

detractor

23
Q

Scientists continue to draw wildly different conclusions on the utility of the race:

  • some have argued that relevant genetic info can be seen at the racial level
  • others have concluded that race is neither a relevant nor accurate way to understand or map human …
  • others have argued that race-based predictions in clinical settings, because of the heterogenous nature of racial groups, are of questionable use
  • several meetings and journal articles have called attention to the issue of “race”: need to justify use of racial categories relative to the … and methods used
A

genetic diversity;

research questions asked

24
Q

Should we use “racial categories in humans”?
careful consideration of the terminology:
- in some cases, using “race” as a variable may be important, esp when exploring how …, …, and other … determined factors may be responsible for health disparities

A

social discrimination;
structural racism;
socially

25
Q

Should we use “racial categories in humans”?
careful consideration of the terminology
- in other cases using “race” may simply obscure …. within these socially-defined categories that can have significant social and medical implications
- the goal is not to ignore patterns of human … or …
- there is no scientific support for the use of race for the … of people, neither for claims of superiority or inferiority

A

important variation;
biological; genetic diversity;
hierarchical organization

Evolution (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions