Exam 2 PPTs - 4

Question 1

Biogeography is the science that seeks to explain the … of species, and higher taxa, on the surface of the earth

species have defined …

Answer 1

distribution;

geographic distributions

Question 2

species have defined geographic distributions:
- endemic distributions: … Endemic distributions can be more or less …, and the extreme case of species that are found on all continents are called … (e.g. pigeon)

Answer 2

limited to a particular area;
widespread;
cosmopolitan;

Question 3

species have defined geographic distributions:

• disjunct distribution: ….
• just as species have geographic distributions, so too do …, … and…

Answer 3

not confined to a single area;
genera;
families;
orders

Question 4

species have defined geographic distributions:

• when the biogeographers of the nineteenth century looked at the distributions of large numbers of species on the globe, they saw that different species often …
• they suggested that there are … on the earth

Answer 4

lived in the same broad areas;

large-scale faunal regions;

Question 5

species have defined geographic distributions: 
six main floral regions of the world: 
- ...
- ....
- ... 
- ... 
- ... 
- ...

Answer 5

nearctic; 
neotropical; 
ethiopian; 
palearctic; 
oriental; 
australian

Question 6

other suggested regions for animals i guess?:

• …
• …
• …
• …
• …

Answer 6

neotropical; 
holarctic; 
paleotropical; 
australian; 
antarctic

Question 7

species have defined geographic distributions: 
other suggested regions for animals maybe: 
- ...
- ...
-...
-...
-...
-...
-...
-...

Answer 7

nearctic; 
palearctic; 
afrotropical; 
indomalayan; 
australasian; 
neotropical; 
oceanian; 
antarctic

Question 8

what determines the distribution of a species?

• … of a species limit its geographic distribution
• the distributional limits of a species are set by its ….

Answer 8

ecological characteristics;

ecological attributes

Question 9

what determines the distribution of a species?
ecological characteristics of a species limit its geographic distribution:

• …: the set of conditions within which a species can live in the absence of competitors
• ….: the set of conditions actually used by given animal (population, species), after interactions with other species (… and esp …) have been taken into account

Answer 9

fundamental niche;
realized niche;
predation;
competition

Question 10

geographic distributions are influenced by …

Answer 10

dispersal

Question 11

geographic distributions are influenced by dispersal:

• a species’ range will be changed if members of the species …, a process called …
• individual animals and plants move, … and …

Answer 11

move in space;
dispersal;
actively; passively

Question 12

geographic distributions are influenced by dispersal:

• individual animals and plants move, actively and passively, through space both in order to seek out … and in response to …
• if a species originated in one area and subsequently dispersed to fill out its existing distribution, the place where it originated is called its …

Answer 12

unoccupied areas;
environmental change;
center of origin

Question 13

geographic distributions are influenced by …, such as in the …

Answer 13

paleoclimate;

ice ages

Question 14

geographic distributions are influenced by climate, such as in the ice ages:
- when the weather turns cool, the ranges of animal and plant species tend to … and move … (in the …)

Answer 14

contract;
south;
northern hemisphere

Question 15

geographic distributions are influenced by climate, such as in the ice ages:

• when the weather turns cool, the ranges of animal and plant species tend to contract and move south (in the northern hemisphere)
• at any one site, the local ecology changes to one characteristic of a … A change from a temperate to a … ecosystem, for example

Answer 15

cooler climate;

tundra-type ecosystem

Question 16

local adaptive radiations occur on ….

Answer 16

island archipelagos

Question 17

local adaptive radiations occur on island archipelagos:

adaptive radiation means that an ancestral species evolves into …., each with …

Answer 17

a number of descendant species;

distinct ecological adaptations

Question 18

local adaptive radiations occur on island archipelagos:
adaptive radiation means that an ancestral species evolves into a number of descendant species, each with distinct ecological adaptations
- a single speciation event often occurs as …, with different …, evolve from a single ancestral species
- a local adaptive radiation occurs when … occur in a local area

Answer 18

two species;
ecological adaptations;
several such speciation events

Question 19

species of large geographic areas tend to be more closely related to … than to … species …

Answer 19

other local species;

ecologically similar; elsewhere in the globe

Question 20

species of large geographic areas tend to be more closely related to other local species than to ecologically similar species elsewhere in the globe:

• for instance, mediterranean-type ecosystems can be found at five places around the globe: the Mediterranean itself, California, Chile, South Africa and Western Australia
• the similarity of the plants in the five Mediterranean regions is due to …

Answer 20

convergent evolution

Question 21

Geographic distributions are influenced by …

- another factor influencing geographic distributions is …

Answer 21

vicariance;

plate tectonics

Question 22

mammals are grouped with … on which they probably originated

Answer 22

landmasses

Question 23

The Great American Interchange

• South America spent most of the Cenozoic era as an island continent whose … allowed its fauna to evolve into many forms found … on Earth
• substantial dispersal from north to south and vice-versa, started to happen with the … around …

Answer 23

“splendid isolation”;
nowhere else on Earth;
closing of the panama isthmus;
3 million years ago