Exam 2 Lecs - 5

Question 1

biogeography: science that seeks to explain the … of species, and higher taxa on the surface of thee earth
- different types of … and different ….

Answer 1

distribution;
geographic distributions;
biogeographic realms

Question 2

different biogeographic realms

• this differs for ..
• changes based on methodology that you use to identify …
• central and south America is …

Answer 2

plants;
biogeographical similarities;
neotropical

Question 3

• … and … influence species distribution

- climate in which species can occur is typically … than where species actually lives –> … limits it

Answer 3

history; current ecology;
larger;
competition

Question 4

… dispersal vs. …. dispersal

• e.g. animals migrating vs plants dispersing seeds
• some species changing distribution due to …
• species change distribution if …

Answer 4

active;
passive;
climate change;
environment changes

Question 5

• events of dispersal from …
• agriculture independently originated in different areas of the globe - thus, crops have …
• … = ice age

Answer 5

center of origin;
different centers of origin;
glaciation

Question 6

glaciation = ice age

• temperature of earth was …
• ice sheet in north pole was … –> migration to areas that used to have the ice sheet

Answer 6

lower;

much larger

Question 7

glaciation events happened many times over Pleistocene

• cycling between … and … events
• changes …

Answer 7

interglacial; glacial;

distribution of species

Question 8

glaciation events happened many times over Pleistocene:
changes distribution of species
- e.g. beech tree and hemlock used to be restricted to the southern part of north America but were able to move north as … –> discovered by analyzing … - allows you to reconstruct dispersal/change in vegetation over time

Answer 8

temperatures rose;

pollen records

Question 9

• …: when animals and plants move towards the south (in reference to northern hemisphere)
• European hedgehog - 3 different clades in different geographical regions due to the fact that they were restricted to … during …

Answer 9

Glaciation/Pleistocene refuge;
different refuges;
glaciation event

Question 10

adaptive radiation well studied with … in the Caribbean

• almost in all islands, find trunk-ground, trunk, twig, trunk-crown, crown giant and grass bush anoles –> they’re adapted to the different parts of the …
• the different types of anoles are more closely related based on their …

Answer 10

anole lizards;
vegetation;
geography

Question 11

adaptive radiation well studied with anole lizards in the Caribbean:

• the different types of anoles are more closely related based on their geography
• … evolution of these adaptations in different … –> …

Answer 11

independent;
geographic regions;
convergent evolution

Question 12

… of origin of species in relation to the way that … were distributed on earth influences biogeography of the group

Answer 12

timing;

plates

Question 13

can reconstruct center of origin for different species/organisms via … –> e.g. birds originated in …

Answer 13

phylogeny;

South America

Question 14

…: exchange of fauna between north and south America

• … era: about 60 mya to present –> unique fauna in South America, bc it was pretty much …
• then dispersal occurred when …

Answer 14

great american interchange;
cenozoic;
isolated;
isthmus closed

Question 15

synchronicity in … events and … of humans

Answer 15

extinction;

migration