Exam 2 PPTs - 3 Flashcards
an evolutionary tree, also known as a phylogenetic tree or a phylogeny is:
- a diagram showing the history of … and …
- it depicts a group of organisms’ … relationships as they are understood according to Darwin’s theory of …
divergence;
evolutionary change;
genealogical;
descent with modification from common ancestors
The root of the tree also represents the …
most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all the organisms depicted
All of the terminal “nodes” of the tree are … (…)
They are called …
operational taxonomic units; OTUs;
taxa (singular: taxon)
All of the other, non-terminal nodes are … (…)
They are called …
hypothetical taxonomic units; HTUs; ancestral taxa (singular taxon)
phylogenetic tree assumptions:
- …
- …
bifurcation;
the ancestral is never sampled
….: a group that contains all the descendants of an ancestral taxa or node
monophyletic group
…: a group that does not contain all the descendants of an ancestral taxa or node
paraphyletic group
phylogenetic trees show … or …
character changes;
transitions
… character: a relatively more recent or new character, derived from an ….
apomorphic character;
ancestral character
… character: relatively more ancient, old or ancestral character
plesiomorphic
apomorphic character:
- …: shared by two or more OTU. it defines a …
- ….: present in only one OTU. It does not define a group
synapomorphic;
monophyletic group;
autapomorphic
monophyletic groups are formed by all … that share a …
OTUs;
synapomorphy
sister taxa share a … with each other and are each other’s …
common ancestor;
closest living relatives
phylogenetic trees have information about …
time
the first stage of cladistic analysis is to distinguish … from …
homologies;
homoplasies