Exam 2 PPTs - 3 Flashcards

1
Q

an evolutionary tree, also known as a phylogenetic tree or a phylogeny is:

  • a diagram showing the history of … and …
  • it depicts a group of organisms’ … relationships as they are understood according to Darwin’s theory of …
A

divergence;
evolutionary change;
genealogical;
descent with modification from common ancestors

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2
Q

The root of the tree also represents the …

A

most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all the organisms depicted

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3
Q

All of the terminal “nodes” of the tree are … (…)

They are called …

A

operational taxonomic units; OTUs;

taxa (singular: taxon)

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4
Q

All of the other, non-terminal nodes are … (…)

They are called …

A
hypothetical taxonomic units; HTUs; 
ancestral taxa (singular taxon)
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5
Q

phylogenetic tree assumptions:

A

bifurcation;

the ancestral is never sampled

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6
Q

….: a group that contains all the descendants of an ancestral taxa or node

A

monophyletic group

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7
Q

…: a group that does not contain all the descendants of an ancestral taxa or node

A

paraphyletic group

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8
Q

phylogenetic trees show … or …

A

character changes;

transitions

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9
Q

… character: a relatively more recent or new character, derived from an ….

A

apomorphic character;

ancestral character

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10
Q

… character: relatively more ancient, old or ancestral character

A

plesiomorphic

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11
Q

apomorphic character:

  • …: shared by two or more OTU. it defines a …
  • ….: present in only one OTU. It does not define a group
A

synapomorphic;
monophyletic group;
autapomorphic

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12
Q

monophyletic groups are formed by all … that share a …

A

OTUs;

synapomorphy

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13
Q

sister taxa share a … with each other and are each other’s …

A

common ancestor;

closest living relatives

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14
Q

phylogenetic trees have information about …

A

time

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15
Q

the first stage of cladistic analysis is to distinguish … from …

A

homologies;

homoplasies

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16
Q

homology is … due to …

A

similarity;

shared ancestry

17
Q

homoplasy is …

it is similarity due to … not …

A

similarity without ancestry;
convergence;
ancestry

18
Q
  • the independent appearance in different lineages of similar derived characters is called …
  • morphological similarities can arise independently, by …, when lineages experience similar patterns of … due to …
A

convergent evolution;
convergent evolution;
natural selection;
similar environmental challenges

19
Q

the loss of derived traits in a lineage, resulting in a return to the … condition, is called …

A

ancestral;

reversal

20
Q

the … principle: the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence
in terms of tree-building: the best hypothesis is the one that requires the …

A

parsimony;

fewest evolutionary changes

21
Q

…: it is possible to address questions about timing by analyzing molecular traits that change …

A

molecular clock;

at a steady rate

22
Q

…: it is possible to address questions about timing by analyzing molecular traits that change …

A

molecular clock;

at a steady rate

23
Q

Using phylogenies to answer questions:
how did the seychelles chameleon cross the Indian Ocean?
- chameleons can’t fly and are poor swimmers
two possibilities:
1. the chameleon simply … and rode the islands to their current position - The Seychelles were once part of the … of Gondwana
2. the chameleon reached the Seychelles by …, either from Madagascar or Africa

A

stayed put;
supercontinent;
floating on a raft of vegetation