Exam 2 Lecs - 6 Flashcards
4 different hypotheses for the phylogenies - idk what I’m talking about here
INTERPRET TREES ON SLIDE 4
OK
chimps are … dominated. bonobos are … dominated
- different … and … behavior
- humans are part of a very flexible group
male;
female;
sexual;
social
most supported phylogeny suggests that humans are more closely related to … and …
- it was difficult to solve bc the … for gorilla, chimps and humans were close together–> 70% of genome supports that chimps are closely related
chimps;
bonobos;
divergence time
using genome to build phylogeny for different types of mammals:
- humans and chimps are more closely related than … are to …
mice;
rats
early fossils of hominids looked more like … than …
chimps;
humans
when looking at human ancestry, looking at fossils based on …, primarily …
morphology;
skull morphology
fossil evidence of footprints - … evolved
- adult walking with juvenile
~
megadont archaic hominins called this bc of their …
- elongated bone to accommodate a strong muscle that allows for a …
bipedalism;
very large teeth;
strong bite
megadont archaic hominins:
- crest on skull to anchor … on the head and allow for a …
jaw muscles;
very strong bite
smaller teeth and jaws probably associated with … - not as much pressure to have strong teeth and strong muscles
- … food, doesn’t require a strong bite
- … can consequently grow bc there’s more room due to lack of the … and the fact that we don’t need as much space for …
cooking; softer; brain case; crest; jaw muscles
reduced sexual dimorphism suggests less … - less … among …
sexual selection;
competitoin;
males
longer legs suggesting more adaptation for … and …
- … also influences this
walking;
walking longer distances;
height
… of the face along evolutoin of humans.
… size increases, as well
flattening;
braincase
most of the fossils of prehumans from … and …
- some from …
Kenya;
Ethiopia;
Chad
Neanderthals mainly distributed in …
- adapted to … environments–> indicated by shape of their …
Eurasia;
colder;
trunk
- some scientists consider Neanderthals to be a … of humans
- different lineage of humans called … that also hybridized with people in Asia
- start having premodern humans around …
subspecies;
Denisovans;
2 million ya
- Humans originated in … in terms of DNA and migrated starting around … ya
- different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe
Africa;
40,000
Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- one is that humans originated from some branch of … and then … –> still gene flow between humans
- the above hypothesis is called … - humans invaded the other areas and … the other species that were there
the genus homo;
migrated;
African replacement;
replaced
Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- hybridization and assimilation model –> suggests that there were events of … in other species of human and then they …
migration;
exchanged DNA with humans
Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- multiregional evolution: suggests that humans evolved … with other … that had …
in parallel;
homos;
already migrated
Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- more support for the … hypothesis
african replacement
… and …. are more related to each other than humans
- … happened outside of Africa
Denisovans;
Neanderthals;
hybridization with neanderthals
Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- best hypothesis is … –> humans … the species that already existed and then …
leaky replacement;
replaced;
migrated
PAY ATTENTION AND INTERPRET STUDY RESULTS ON SLIDE 32
OK
not even well trained chimps and orangutans can get to the same level of sophistication as humans when it comes to …
- humans can … better
using/making tools;
control the thumb
not even well trained chimps and orangutans can get to the same level of sophistication as humans when it comes to using/making tools:
- humans can control the thumb better–> due to …, whereas chimps have …
- Alos humans have a stronger thumb due to … and …
muscle;
tendons;
wider; longer metacarpal bone
Less noise in models without air sacs
- scientists asked volunteers to distinguish vowels. they did so better when there was …
- lack of air sac associated with …
no air sac;
development of language
presence of … indicates presence of air sac. likewise, lack of this structure indicates absence of sac
hyoid bulla
