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Evolution > Exam 2 Lecs - 6 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecs - 6 Flashcards

1
Q

4 different hypotheses for the phylogenies - idk what I’m talking about here
INTERPRET TREES ON SLIDE 4

A

OK

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2
Q

chimps are … dominated. bonobos are … dominated

  • different … and … behavior
  • humans are part of a very flexible group
A

male;
female;
sexual;
social

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3
Q

most supported phylogeny suggests that humans are more closely related to … and …
- it was difficult to solve bc the … for gorilla, chimps and humans were close together–> 70% of genome supports that chimps are closely related

A

chimps;
bonobos;
divergence time

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4
Q

using genome to build phylogeny for different types of mammals:
- humans and chimps are more closely related than … are to …

A

mice;

rats

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5
Q

early fossils of hominids looked more like … than …

A

chimps;

humans

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6
Q

when looking at human ancestry, looking at fossils based on …, primarily …

A

morphology;

skull morphology

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7
Q

fossil evidence of footprints - … evolved
- adult walking with juvenile
~
megadont archaic hominins called this bc of their …
- elongated bone to accommodate a strong muscle that allows for a …

A

bipedalism;
very large teeth;
strong bite

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8
Q

megadont archaic hominins:

- crest on skull to anchor … on the head and allow for a …

A

jaw muscles;

very strong bite

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9
Q

smaller teeth and jaws probably associated with … - not as much pressure to have strong teeth and strong muscles

  • … food, doesn’t require a strong bite
  • … can consequently grow bc there’s more room due to lack of the … and the fact that we don’t need as much space for …
A 
cooking; 
softer; 
brain case; 
crest; 
jaw muscles
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10
Q

reduced sexual dimorphism suggests less … - less … among …

A

sexual selection;
competitoin;
males

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11
Q

longer legs suggesting more adaptation for … and …

- … also influences this

A

walking;
walking longer distances;
height

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12
Q

… of the face along evolutoin of humans.

… size increases, as well

A

flattening;

braincase

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13
Q

most of the fossils of prehumans from … and …

- some from …

A

Kenya;
Ethiopia;
Chad

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14
Q

Neanderthals mainly distributed in …

- adapted to … environments–> indicated by shape of their …

A

Eurasia;
colder;
trunk

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15
Q
  • some scientists consider Neanderthals to be a … of humans
  • different lineage of humans called … that also hybridized with people in Asia
  • start having premodern humans around …
A

subspecies;
Denisovans;
2 million ya

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16
Q
  • Humans originated in … in terms of DNA and migrated starting around … ya
  • different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe
A

Africa;

40,000

17
Q

Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:

  • one is that humans originated from some branch of … and then … –> still gene flow between humans
  • the above hypothesis is called … - humans invaded the other areas and … the other species that were there
A

the genus homo;
migrated;
African replacement;
replaced

18
Q

Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- hybridization and assimilation model –> suggests that there were events of … in other species of human and then they …

A

migration;

exchanged DNA with humans

19
Q

Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- multiregional evolution: suggests that humans evolved … with other … that had …

A

in parallel;
homos;
already migrated

20
Q

Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- more support for the … hypothesis

A

african replacement

21
Q

… and …. are more related to each other than humans

- … happened outside of Africa

A

Denisovans;
Neanderthals;
hybridization with neanderthals

22
Q

Different hypotheses regarding how humans populated the rest of the globe:
- best hypothesis is … –> humans … the species that already existed and then …

A

leaky replacement;
replaced;
migrated

23
Q

PAY ATTENTION AND INTERPRET STUDY RESULTS ON SLIDE 32

A

OK

24
Q

not even well trained chimps and orangutans can get to the same level of sophistication as humans when it comes to …
- humans can … better

A

using/making tools;

control the thumb

25
Q

not even well trained chimps and orangutans can get to the same level of sophistication as humans when it comes to using/making tools:

  • humans can control the thumb better–> due to …, whereas chimps have …
  • Alos humans have a stronger thumb due to … and …
A

muscle;
tendons;
wider; longer metacarpal bone

26
Q

Less noise in models without air sacs

  • scientists asked volunteers to distinguish vowels. they did so better when there was …
  • lack of air sac associated with …
A

no air sac;

development of language

27
Q

presence of … indicates presence of air sac. likewise, lack of this structure indicates absence of sac

A

hyoid bulla

Evolution (27 decks)

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