Exam 1 PPTs - 2 Flashcards
- inheritance is caused by …, which are physically passed from parent to offspring
- DNA is carried in different ways in prokaryotic and in eukaryotic cells –> prokaryotic cells have …, in eukaryotic cells the DNA is structured in ….
DNA molecules;
no nucleus;
chromosomes
… may vary from species to species
humans have … chromosomes
fruit flies have …
mice have …
chromosome number;
46;
8;
40
chromosomes contain …
genes
… and … also have DNA
mitochondria;
chloroplasts;
mitochondria is inherited …
maternally
DNA structurally encodes information used to build the body’s …
- a crude but workable way to describe protein biology is to say that bodies are built from proteins and are regulated, maintained and defended by …
proteins;
proteins
- skin is mainly made of a protein called …
- oxygen is carried in RBCs by a protein called …
- eyes are sensitive to light as a result of pigment proteins such as …
keratin;
hemoglobin;
rhodopsin
- metabolic processes are catalyzed by a whole battery of proteins called …
- … defend the body from parasites
enzymes;
immunoglobulins
Proteins are made up of particular sequences of …
Hemoglobin: … molecules -> 141 aa long in humans; … -> 144 aa long
HB … in the blood
amino acids;
alpha-globins;
beta-globins;
binds oxygen
Proteins are made up of particular sequences of aa:
- insulin -> 51 aa; stimulates cells to … from the blood
- the different behavior of hb and insulin is caused by the … of their different aa, arranged in their characteristic sequence
absorb glucose;
chemical properties
Proteins are made up of particular sequences of aa:
- the particular sequence of any one protein can … within and between species
- turkey hb differs from human hb, though it binds oxygen in both species
- there are also different variants of hb within a species, a condition called protein …
vary;
polymorphism
Proteins are made up of particular sequences of aa:
- polymorphism is when there are two or more …
possibilities of a trait on a gene
Genetic code:
… code
instructions for a …
there are … aa and … possible triplets of nucleotides
triplet;
polypeptide;
20; 64
The idea that one gene codes for one protein is a …
Hb is associated from … genes
one gene can encode for …
simplification;
4;
more than one protein
Large amounts of … DNA exist in some species:
- the human genome is about … bases long (single strand)
- only about …% of the human genome codes for genes
- salamander genomes are … larger than the human genome, they have more … DNA
non-coding; 3 giga; 5; about 20x; non-coding
… errors may occur during DNA replication
mutational
mutational errors may occur during DNA replication:
- …
- …, changes aa
- …, changes aa
- …
- …
synonymous transition; transversion; frameshift; stop
… of mutation can be measured
rates
diploid organisms inherit a … set of genes:
- an adult individual has … sets of chromosomes
- its gametes (eggs in the female, sperm or pollen in the male) have …
double;
two;
only one set
diploid organisms inherit a double set of genes:
- gametes are said to be …
- …: the double set of chromosomes is reduced to result in a gamete with …
haploid;
meiosis;
only one set
Diploid organisms inherit a double set of genes:
- diploid: possesses a … of each of its genes, one comes from its father and the other from its mother. … copies of a gene per locus -> …
- …: a particular place on a chromosome
double set;
two;
2N;
genetic locus
Diploid organisms inherit a double set of genes:
- each copy is an …
- the two copies represent the … of a locus
- …: the alleles are the same
- …: the two alleles are different
allele;
genotype;
homozygote;
heterozygote
genes are inherited in characteristic …
… of alleles in different chromosomes
Mendelian ratios;
segregation
Look at ppt to see math for different types of segregation of alleles:
with linkage, with free recombination, etc
Darwin’s theory would probably not work if there was a … mechanism of heredity
non-Mendelian blending
