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Evolution > Exam 2 Lecs - 7 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecs - 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary tree for the different coronaviruses

  • … and … were recently evolved and infect mammals
  • oldest coronaviruses are found in and originated in …
A

alpha; beta;

birds

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2
Q

viruses can easily …

A

cross taxonomic boundaries

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3
Q

corona genome:

- contains instructions to make …, … and …, …

A

spike protein;
membrane; capsid;
envelope

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4
Q

corona genome:

  • around … bp
  • spike protein allows virus to …
A

30,000;

invade cells

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5
Q

corona genome:

- … keeps the genome the way it is - prevents changes in a way

A

purifying selection

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6
Q

it’s better to use … substitutions to determine divergence time due to …

A

synonymous;

neutral theory of evolution

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7
Q

it’s better to use synonymous substitutions to determine divergence time due to neutral theory of evolution:

  • synonymous substitutions occur at a …
  • they keep accumulating in history of divergence
  • more associated with … than nonsynonymous, bc non will be … and they won’t be ‘seen’
A

steady rate;
time;
removed

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8
Q

humans started getting more diseases when they started …

- most human viruses originated …

A

domesticating animals;

in animals

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9
Q

excess deaths increased from …

A

epicenter of virus (i.e. Huanan market) outwards

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10
Q

if virus started infecting humans when it was already at the …, its infectiousness could not further increase
- if virus is too … - it won’t be able to spread –> kills individual before spreading

A

peak of the adaptive landscape;

deadly

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11
Q

earliest accepted dog date is around …
- when humans first started domesticating dogs, difficult to differentiate between dogs and …. thus, this time frame is the oldest date when we can say for sure that the organism is a dog

A

15,000 ya;

wolves

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12
Q

350 dog breeds created via …

A

artificial selection

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13
Q

comparing the 85 breeds to wolves to figure out closest relatives to dogs:
- dogs formed …/… that are mostly based on the … of dog

A

distinctive clades/monophyletic groups;

type

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14
Q

comparing the 85 breeds to wolves to figure out closest relatives to dogs:

  • … are the outgroup on this phylogenetic tree
  • one of the most ancient lineages of dogs is …, an African dog
  • … and … breeds all developed early in history of odgs
A

coyotes;
basenji;
ancient; spitz

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15
Q

comparing the 85 breeds to wolves to figure out closest relatives to dogs:

  • explosion of different breeds that mostly came after 1800s, most with … origins
  • PCA - decomposes … of dataset (in this case, genetic data set) into a coordinate
A

European;

variance

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16
Q

comparing the 85 breeds to wolves to figure out closest relatives to dogs:
PCA decomposes variance of dataset into a coordinate
- placing variance in space
- … of the points represents the genetic relationship
- suggests that dogs were first domesticated in the …, which is also one of the earliest places where … originated

A

proximity;
Middle East;
agriculture

17
Q

amount of genetic info dogs share with different types of wolves:

  • … wolf shared less compared to the other wolves
  • … and … wolves showed highest percent of shared haplotype
A

North American;
European;
Middle Eastern

18
Q
  • modern dog breeds sharing …
  • wolves sharing …
  • ancient dog breeds show a mix of …
A

a lot of mutations;
a lot of mutations;
wolf and modern dog mutations

19
Q
  • each dog breed has its own …, they are very different

- when breeding dogs, creating an artificial …

A

genetic material;

founder event

20
Q

when breeding dogs, creating an artificial founder event

- beginning of population is … –> all members of the breed now descended from a …

A

very small;

small number of individuals

21
Q

when breeding dogs, creating an artificial founder event

- … = less …

A

small effective population size;

variation

22
Q

dog groups associated with … and ….

A

morphology;

behavior

23
Q

calculating divergence time between wolves and Chinese indigenous dogs:

  • about … ya - older hypothesis than the 15ka one
  • this study suggests that dogs originated somewhere in … and then spread to the … (where the 15ka date from) and then dogs migrated elsewhere
A

30,000 ya;
East Asia;
Middle East

24
Q

calculating divergence time between wolves and Chinese indigenous dogs:
- dogs have … than wolves

A

lower genetic diversity

25
Q

development of new types of dogs sometimes aligns with …

A

human movement

26
Q

suggesting that there are two main lineages of dog breeds and we find the common ancestor at around … ya
- formation of different groups of humans also synchronized with … in dogs

A

22,000;

different clade formations

27
Q

migration of humans from northern asia to north america:

- when this occurred at about 16,000 ya, also … from the Americas forming.

A

common ancestor of dogs from the Americas

28
Q

migration of humans from northern asia to north america:

  • when this occurred at about 16,000 ya, also common ancestor of dogs from the Americas forming. This common ancestor formed 4 different lineages of dogs
  • they associate the formation of those groups as a ….
A

synchronous event

29
Q

Fst varies from 0 to 1. If species is completely different, value will be …

A

1

30
Q
  • Fst values is for comparison …, not …

- genetic diversity/distance increases with … in people

A

among breeds;
within;
geographic distance

31
Q

humans diverse … groups bc of … and …

A

within;

constant movement; exchanging of genes

32
Q

main other thing that can explain evolution besides selection is …

A

drift

33
Q

tree with the fewest evolutionary changes = … tree

A

shortest tree

34
Q

if parsimony is a thing, how do you then identify homoplasias? - have to consider … to identify relationships more accurately

A

many characters

Evolution (27 decks)

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