Exam 2 Lecs - 7 Flashcards
Evolutionary tree for the different coronaviruses
- … and … were recently evolved and infect mammals
- oldest coronaviruses are found in and originated in …
alpha; beta;
birds
viruses can easily …
cross taxonomic boundaries
corona genome:
- contains instructions to make …, … and …, …
spike protein;
membrane; capsid;
envelope
corona genome:
- around … bp
- spike protein allows virus to …
30,000;
invade cells
corona genome:
- … keeps the genome the way it is - prevents changes in a way
purifying selection
it’s better to use … substitutions to determine divergence time due to …
synonymous;
neutral theory of evolution
it’s better to use synonymous substitutions to determine divergence time due to neutral theory of evolution:
- synonymous substitutions occur at a …
- they keep accumulating in history of divergence
- more associated with … than nonsynonymous, bc non will be … and they won’t be ‘seen’
steady rate;
time;
removed
humans started getting more diseases when they started …
- most human viruses originated …
domesticating animals;
in animals
excess deaths increased from …
epicenter of virus (i.e. Huanan market) outwards
if virus started infecting humans when it was already at the …, its infectiousness could not further increase
- if virus is too … - it won’t be able to spread –> kills individual before spreading
peak of the adaptive landscape;
deadly
earliest accepted dog date is around …
- when humans first started domesticating dogs, difficult to differentiate between dogs and …. thus, this time frame is the oldest date when we can say for sure that the organism is a dog
15,000 ya;
wolves
350 dog breeds created via …
artificial selection
comparing the 85 breeds to wolves to figure out closest relatives to dogs:
- dogs formed …/… that are mostly based on the … of dog
distinctive clades/monophyletic groups;
type
comparing the 85 breeds to wolves to figure out closest relatives to dogs:
- … are the outgroup on this phylogenetic tree
- one of the most ancient lineages of dogs is …, an African dog
- … and … breeds all developed early in history of odgs
coyotes;
basenji;
ancient; spitz
comparing the 85 breeds to wolves to figure out closest relatives to dogs:
- explosion of different breeds that mostly came after 1800s, most with … origins
- PCA - decomposes … of dataset (in this case, genetic data set) into a coordinate
European;
variance
comparing the 85 breeds to wolves to figure out closest relatives to dogs:
PCA decomposes variance of dataset into a coordinate
- placing variance in space
- … of the points represents the genetic relationship
- suggests that dogs were first domesticated in the …, which is also one of the earliest places where … originated
proximity;
Middle East;
agriculture
amount of genetic info dogs share with different types of wolves:
- … wolf shared less compared to the other wolves
- … and … wolves showed highest percent of shared haplotype
North American;
European;
Middle Eastern
- modern dog breeds sharing …
- wolves sharing …
- ancient dog breeds show a mix of …
a lot of mutations;
a lot of mutations;
wolf and modern dog mutations
- each dog breed has its own …, they are very different
- when breeding dogs, creating an artificial …
genetic material;
founder event
when breeding dogs, creating an artificial founder event
- beginning of population is … –> all members of the breed now descended from a …
very small;
small number of individuals
when breeding dogs, creating an artificial founder event
- … = less …
small effective population size;
variation
dog groups associated with … and ….
morphology;
behavior
calculating divergence time between wolves and Chinese indigenous dogs:
- about … ya - older hypothesis than the 15ka one
- this study suggests that dogs originated somewhere in … and then spread to the … (where the 15ka date from) and then dogs migrated elsewhere
30,000 ya;
East Asia;
Middle East
calculating divergence time between wolves and Chinese indigenous dogs:
- dogs have … than wolves
lower genetic diversity
development of new types of dogs sometimes aligns with …
human movement
suggesting that there are two main lineages of dog breeds and we find the common ancestor at around … ya
- formation of different groups of humans also synchronized with … in dogs
22,000;
different clade formations
migration of humans from northern asia to north america:
- when this occurred at about 16,000 ya, also … from the Americas forming.
common ancestor of dogs from the Americas
migration of humans from northern asia to north america:
- when this occurred at about 16,000 ya, also common ancestor of dogs from the Americas forming. This common ancestor formed 4 different lineages of dogs
- they associate the formation of those groups as a ….
synchronous event
Fst varies from 0 to 1. If species is completely different, value will be …
1
- Fst values is for comparison …, not …
- genetic diversity/distance increases with … in people
among breeds;
within;
geographic distance
humans diverse … groups bc of … and …
within;
constant movement; exchanging of genes
main other thing that can explain evolution besides selection is …
drift
tree with the fewest evolutionary changes = … tree
shortest tree
if parsimony is a thing, how do you then identify homoplasias? - have to consider … to identify relationships more accurately
many characters
