Exam 2 Lecs - 4 Flashcards
- terminal nodes aka … –> these represent …
- two assumptions in phylogenetic tree –> 1. …: always have one common ancestor for two species 2. … is never sampled
leaves;
bifurcation;
ancestral
two assumptions in phylogenetic tree
- bifurcation
- ancestral is never sampled –> … species will always be at the leaves of the tree, never at the node
- we assume that we can’t …
extant;
sample the ancestral species
… give polarity to tree –> helps you understand what is … and what isn’t
outgroups;
ancestral
monophyletic group:
- if you include every leaf that is a …, it’s a monophyletic group (i.e. ..)
- these are the groups we … and …
descendant of a particular node;
clade;
identify;
name
…: more recent transitions
- they’re not …
apomorphic;
at the nodes
apomorphic transitions:
- …: shared by two or more terminal nodes
- …: only one terminal node, doesn’t define a group
synapomorphic;
autapomorphic
… character: nascent character
- always at the … of the tree
- always … to the group you’re looking at and the characters they have
plesiomorphic;
root;
relative
monophyletic group is also a group formed by all … that ..
OTUs; synapomorphy
monophyletic group is also a group formed by all OTUs that share a synapomorphy
- to form a group, you have to …
- can’t have monophyletic group if you …
share a character;
lack a synapomorphy
phylogenetic trees have information about …
- …: has absolute time
- generally, though, it’s …
time;
time calibrated;
relative time
…: easiest way of building a tree, optimizing it for …
parsimony;
fewer steps
- can’t use … as basis for a phylogenetic tree
- convergent evolution can happen multiple times in tree of life bc there’s a chance for convergent evolution every time there are the …
homoplasy;
same environmental pressures
Peacock and peacock spider both have a fan that they use to attract a mate
- … example - 2 different lineages but evolved something … that …
homoplasia;
independently;
has the same function
- caiman and hippos have same eye placement in the head - also …
- both peacock and caiman examples are examples of …
- parsimony minimizes incidents of … in the tree
homoplasia;
convergent evolution;
homoplasy
- tumors group together and dogs group together for the canine transmissible venereal tumor - supports the idea that the cells are …
- idea that body louse live n the clothes, they only evolved when humans …
moving from one dog to another;
began wearing clothes
idea that because body louse live on the clothes, they only evolved when humans began wearing clothes:
- body louse evolved from …
- when we find common ancestor of head louse and body louse, we can know …
head louse;
when humans started wearing clothes
idea that because body louse live on the clothes, they only evolved when humans began wearing clothes:
- if you know how many … there are between head and body louse and … you can find when in time the ancestor of head and body louse existed
mutations;
mutation rate
idea that because body louse live on the clothes, they only evolved when humans began wearing clothes:
if you know how many mutations there are between head and body louse and mutation rate you can find when in time the ancestor of head and body louse existed
- sequence DNA and find … to find mutation rate - but you need something to … –> to do that, they use data from different studies
mutation rate;
calibrate the clock
idea that because body louse live on the clothes, they only evolved when humans began wearing clothes:
sequence DNA and find number of differences to find mutation rate - but you need something to calibrate the clock
- to do that, they use data from different studies –> sequenced chimp lice to use that as calibration for the phylogenetic tree, estimated timing of most recent common ancestor to be around … ya
107,000
if chameleon divergence separates around same time as islands, there’s support that they just stayed on the island and separated with separation of the islands. otherwise, there’s support for the vegetation hypothesis
- the data, which shows divergence occurred around 38.4 mya - supports the idea that they …. from Africa to the Seychelles (… idea)
dispersed;
vegetation
- …: using phylogeny and geography to look at how species moved
phylogeography
Tree of Life video:
- …: more complex cells formed
- then … evolved into plant kingdom, … into fungus kingdom, … that evolved into animals - these simple forms of life are protists
endosymbiosis;
algae;
molds;
amoebas
Tree of Life video:
- red algae and brown algae - green algae
- green algae is where … evolution occurred
- algae led to earliest … (e.g. moss)
- then, simplest plants like … Then, … plants - then plant kingdom splits into conifers then angiosperms
chloroplast;
land plants;
ferns;
seed bearing
Tree of Life video:
- cambrian explosion 550 mya, animal life started to go in many directions due to … (one side mirrors the other side)
- protostomes and deuterostomes, vertebrates evolved from … –> earliest vertebrates were …, and then cartilaginous creatures and then fish with full skeleton (bony fish), then ray finned fish and lobe finned fish
bilateria;
deuterostomes;
fish
Tree of Life video:
protostomes and deuterostomes:
- fish that could prop themselves up in water
- then evolution of … - 4 limbs –> then .., then evolution of … which enabled some animals to lay eggs on land
tetrapods;
amphibians;
amniotic sac
Tree of Life video:
- then amphibians, then evolution of amniotic sac which enabled some animals to lay eggs on land
- then synapsids which evolved into … and then sauropsids which led to … and …
mammals;
birds; reptiles
Tree of Life video:
- birds are …
- … reptiles and …
reptiles;
avian; non-avian
Tree of Life video:
- duck billed platypus one of the earliest mammals
- mammals have … and …
- marsupials and placentals evolved differently due to …
hair; mammary glands;
geography
Tree of Life video:
- some carnivores went back to water –> …, …, etc
- two independent evolutions of going back to the water as a habitat within mammals
- supraprimates evolution –> led to … evolution
seals; whales;
human
Tree of Life video:
- supraprimates evolution –> led to human evolution
- … are closely related to primates which is why they can be used as model organisms in the lab
- humans evolved from …
rodents;
apes
