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Evolution > Exam 1 Lecs - 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Lecs - 3 Flashcards

1
Q

population genetics is study of … of populations, including … and … in genotype and phenotype frequency in responses to the processes of …, …, etc

A 
genetic composition; 
distributions; 
changes; 
natural selection; 
drift
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2
Q

… = population of gametes

A

gene pool

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3
Q

Gene frequency = …

A

allele frequency

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4
Q

P for ….
Q for …
R for …

A

homozygous dominant;
heterozygous;
homozygous recessive

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5
Q

A = p = …
a = q = …
P + R + Q = …
p + q = …

A

P + 1/2Q;
R + 1/2Q;
1;
1;

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6
Q 
the following can change the gene pool: 
... 
... 
... 
... 
etc
A

nonrandom mating;
migration;
mutation;
drift;

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7
Q

migration is always from the perspective of individuals …

A

entering the population

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8
Q 
conditions in which there is no evolution: 
no ... 
... 
no ...
no ... 
... population such that there's no ...
A 
selection; 
random mating; 
mutation; 
gene flow; 
infinitely large; drift
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9
Q

If there’s no evolution, frequencies …

… - used to determine expected genotype frequencies if the population isn’t evolving

A

stay constant;

Hardy Weinberg;

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10
Q

In the case of no evolution, the genotypes represent a …

Hardy Weinberg is important historically bc it indicates that there’s no tendency for … to …

A

random sample of gametes;

the dominant allele; increase in frequency

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11
Q 
an elementary population genetics model has 4 main steps:
... rule
... ratios
add ... of each ... 
any selection by ...
A

mating;
mendelian;
frequencies; genotype;
differential survival

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12
Q

the simplest model of selection is for … at …

A

one favored allele;

one locus

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13
Q

chance of survival varies from … - …
represents …

for non-favored genotype: …
for favored genotype: …

A

0; 1;
relative fitness;
1-s;
1

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14
Q

chance of survival:

s is the … - proportion of individuals with that particular genotype that …, chance of …

A

selection coefficient;
died;
dying

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15
Q

hardy equation adjusted for differential survival between birth and adults:
…
if is is 0 –> …

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2(1-s);

hardy weinberg equilibrium

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16
Q

…, representing selection, between birth and adulthood

A

differential survival

17
Q

can’t use a term like directional selection when dealing with …, rather than …, traits

A

categorical;

continuous

18
Q 
when heterozygote is fitter than either homozygote: 
selection can maintain a ... 
Genotype AA - fitness: 1 -s 
Aa: fitness = ...
aa: fitness = ... 
example of this is ...
A

polymorphism;
1;
1 - t;
sickle cell

19
Q

when heterozygote is fitter than either homozygote:

… : … : ….

A

p^2(1-s): 2pq: q^2(1-t)

20
Q

Even with heterozygous advantage, frequency of hetero … over several generations; however, it remains … than predicted frequency with Hardy

A

decreases; higher

21
Q

to eliminate an allele from a population, … must be lower as well as the …

A

heterozygous fitness;

homozygote

22
Q

…: no selection on the population

  • in a very large population with no selection, will …
  • in a small population, … is observed –> … shift over generations
A

selective neutrality;
remain in hardy;
drift;
genotype frequencies

23
Q

selective neutrality
in a small population, drift is observed –> genotype frequencies shift over generations:
in very small populations, … shift randomly as well

A

allele frequencies

24
Q

extreme case of founder effect: …

founder effect totally changes … at …

A

single fertilized female;

allele frequency; random

25
Q

founder effect totally changes allele frequency at random:

  • no …
  • founding individuals are not representative of the …
A

selection;

entire original population

26
Q

founder effect totally changes allele frequency at random:
can determine if the alleles are present/not in the population by calculating the chance of … (chance that all the individuals in the founding population have the …)
= …

A

homozygosity;
same alleles;
(p^2)^N + (q^2)^N

27
Q

founder effect totally changes allele frequency at random:

- can have some alleles being … from one generation to the next with a founder effect

A

fixed

28
Q

Founder events:

Afrikaner ethnicity - … people colonized …, descended from one shipload of immigrants

A

Dutch;

South Africa

29
Q

Afrikaner ethnicity - Dutch people colonized South Africa
- carried rare alleles, including that for …
- in a normal population this allele is in low frequency
- in this area, frequency of this allele is … due to the founder event that occurred –> most cases of the disease in the modern population can be traced back to …
Thus, with founder events you can have, by random, an increased frequency of an allele that doesn’t …

A

Huntington’s disease;
higher than expected;
a single Dutch man;
increase fitness

30
Q

One gene can be … by random drift:

  • if the population remains small for several generations, one allele can become …
  • frequency of a gene in a small population is as likely to … as to … since its random
A

substituted for another;
fixed;
decrease;
increase

31
Q

one gene can be substituted for another by random drift:
- frequency of a gene in a small population is as likely to decrease as to increase since its random - thus, possible for a gene to be carried up to much … frequencies, including …(…) –> … in population

A

higher frequencies;
1;
fixing;
losing variation

32
Q

balance between population size and …
- with a small population over enough time, you’ll have … and/or … of an allele - in all cases
… influences this as well

A

number of generations;
fixation;
loss;
initial frequency

33
Q

over time with drift, you … bc you’re increasing the frequency of one of the alleles
maximum heterozygosity is when frequency of p and q are …

A

decrease heterozygosity;

equal;

34
Q

expected heterozygosity in a population:

H = …

A

1 - (p^2 + q^2)

Evolution (27 decks)

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