Exam 1 Lecs - 1 Flashcards
Delta variant has a …
- leaves more … and spreads … among the population
higher fitness;
descendants;
faster
Antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance:
- one of the biggest … challenges
- occurs when germs like bacteria/fungi evolve … to the drugs designed to kill them
- e.g. penicillin released in 1941 and in 42 they found the first … strain and other resistant bacteria also –> … occurring to facilitate this
public health;
resistance;
resistant staph aureus strain;
evolutionary mechanism
DNA testing:
- … DNA, using … to determine relationship of genome to … of the world
sequencing;
markers;
different populations
Around …-… ya, humans started migrating around the world from … –> last migration was to … around … ya
40,000; 49,000;
Africa;
Pacific Islands;
3000
Evolution:
- change in living things by ….
- only theory that can claim to … biology
- one of the pillars of …
descent with modification;
unify;
natural sciences
Evolution:
- change in … between generations
- changes in … is not evolution
- changes in … not evolution either
frequency in alleles;
individual development;
ecosystem
Key concepts of evolution:
- … process
- … and …
- …
- …
nonlinear process;
natural selection; adaptation;
random drift;
speciation
key concepts of evolution:
nonlinear process:
- … process
- we and all other types of living beings are at the … stage of evolution - no …/… beings
tree-like;
same;
superior; inferior
key concepts of evolution:
nonlinear process:
- we and all other types of living beings are at the same stage of evolution - no superior/inferior beings; all adapted to enviro we live in and there’s no … - all at the same stage; all share a …
superiority;
common ancestor
key concepts of evolution:
natural selection and adaptation:
- result of selection against organisms that are easier to see by predators will cause adaptation to have an appearance that’s similar to the … - i.e. …
- because those who are more difficult to see will …, so their alleles …
- at the same time, the predators that can see those more camouflaged organisms will …
surroundings; camouflage; leave more descendants; increase in frequency; leave more descendants
key concepts of evolution:
Adaptation is a consequence of …
natural selection
key concepts of evolution: random drift: - every time you have a ... - ... and ... occur simultaneously - drift removes ... from the population
reduction in population size;
drift; selection;
variation
key concepts of evolution:
random drift:
- mechanism of drift is …, … –> because small sample sizes lead to a … sample
chance;
abiotic;
biased
key concepts of evolution: random drift: - ...: drastic reduction in population - these events can lead to rise in frequency of ... from an adaptation point of view - ... can occur
bottleneck;
unfavorable characteristics;
fixation of an allele
key concepts of evolution: main types of speciation: - ... - ... - ... - ...
allopatric;
peripatric;
parapatric;
sympatric
key concepts of evolution:
allopatric speciation:
- original population and there’s some formation of a … (e.g. …, …, etc)
barrier;
river;
mountain
key concepts of evolution:
allopatric speciation:
- with enough time, species evolves into …, such that if the barrier is removed, they are … - cannot mix in the same … as previously
two different species;
reproductively isolated;
rate;
key concepts of evolution:
peripatric speciation:
- some individuals adapt to a … (new …)
- with time, they develop …
new niche;
environmental conditions;
reproductive isolation
key concepts of evolution:
parapatric:
- … and some individuals become adapted to certain types of …
climatic gradient;
climates
key concepts of evolution:
parapatric:
- with adaptation, you have two different species: … won’t be as well adapted to either of the climates, selection process that favors adaptation to …
hybrids;
two different environments
key concepts of evolution: sympatric: - most ... - they're in the same area and there's formation of ... within that area - e.g. ... in ...
controversial;
a new species;
cichlid fish;
Africa
Short history of evo bio:
- some ideas that species could change prior to Darwin - predominant idea was that species … before him
- Darwin devised mechanism of … and … to explain evolution
could not change;
selection;
adaptation
Short history of evo bio:
- In early 1900s, discovery of … allowed for development of …
genetics;
modern synthesis
Most famous idea before Darwin was … idea of … - idea that species can change but it’s more of a … form of change
Lamarck’s; transformism;
linear
Most famous idea before Darwin was Lamarck’s notion of transformism:
- main two mechanisms he proposed: species have an “…”, ….; inheritance of ….
internal force;
internal drive to change;
acquired characteristics
Lamarckism:
- e.g. giraffes stretching their necks to reach higher levels, enables them to develop … and spread that to …
longer necks;
offspring
Darwin was a …
~
One of the main samples that enabled him to develop his theory were the … He observed that they varied from …
naturalist;
Galapagos finches;
island to island
Darwin observed that the Galapagos finches varied from island to island.
His observations of … enabled him to accept that species …
geographic variation;
change
Darwin’s finches:
In different islands, there were different … and those finches were adapted to that
resources
Darwin’s finches:
One of the main things that influenced him was … –> idea is that, as long as there are resources for the population, the population will keep … But at some point, … for the enviro will be reached and organisms have to … for resources
Malthus’s essay on population;
growing;
resource capacity;
compete
Darwin’s finches:
One of the main things that influenced him was Malthus’s essay on population. –> explains a struggle for existence in terms of …
developed idea that forms that are better adapted to survive will … and lead to increase in … from one generation to the next
resource competition;
leave more offspring;
frequency
Darwin’s finches:
Change in enviro, some individuals will be … to that change than others –> better adapted forms increase in frequency, poorly adapted would …; leads to formation of …
better adapted;
decrease;
new species
initially, scientists imagined evolution as … and … –> thought that evolution should have an …, …, … pattern - not true
one-dimensional; progressive; unfolding; predictable; progressive
scientists thought that evolution should have an unfolding predictable, progressive pattern:
- not true
- species don’t have an inherent tendency to …
rise to higher form
natural selection initially … by most scientists:
- bc there was no satisfactory theory of …
- some scientists argued that there were … between forms - no …
rejected;
heredity;
gaps;
intermediates
while Darwin was developing his theory, so was …. The latter’s ideas weren’t widespread right away, but were rediscovered in …
Mendel;
early 1900s
Modern synthesis:
- developed by …, … and … - they developed things in parallel
Fisher;
Haldane;
Wright
Modern synthesis:
- Put together … and …
- developed … models that explain how selection works
mendel’s theory of inheritance;
natural selection;
mathematical models
Modern synthesis:
- Fisher: … theory of …, …
genetical;
natural selection;
statistician
Modern synthesis:
Haldane: causes of …, appendix with … theory of … and …
evolution;
mathematical theory; artificial; natural selection
Modern synthesis:
Haldane:
- appendix with mathematical theory of artificial and natural selection
- explaining how … could occur in the …
natural selection;
wild
Modern synthesis:
Wright:
- evolution in … populations
- worked out how selection could happen in populations through …
Mendelian;
Mendelian inheritance
Dobzhansky studied … and wrote …
fruit fies;
Genetics and the Origin of Species
Ernst Mayr: … and the …
Julian Huxley: …
Systematics and the Origin of Species;
Evolution: the Modern Synthesis
George Gaylord Simpson: …
~
Led to emergence of new field called …
Tempo and Mode in Evolution;
population genetics
These scientists were part of the society of …:
- notion that you could … human species through …
eugenics;
improve;
genetics
These scientists were part of the society of eugenics:
- very …. - made judgments of what are … and what aren’t
- … were developed based on these notions
racist;
superior factors;
laws
