Exam 1 Lecs - 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Delta variant has a …

- leaves more … and spreads … among the population

A

higher fitness;
descendants;
faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance:

  • one of the biggest … challenges
  • occurs when germs like bacteria/fungi evolve … to the drugs designed to kill them
  • e.g. penicillin released in 1941 and in 42 they found the first … strain and other resistant bacteria also –> … occurring to facilitate this
A

public health;
resistance;
resistant staph aureus strain;
evolutionary mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DNA testing:

- … DNA, using … to determine relationship of genome to … of the world

A

sequencing;
markers;
different populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Around …-… ya, humans started migrating around the world from … –> last migration was to … around … ya

A

40,000; 49,000;
Africa;
Pacific Islands;
3000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evolution:

  • change in living things by ….
  • only theory that can claim to … biology
  • one of the pillars of …
A

descent with modification;
unify;
natural sciences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Evolution:

  • change in … between generations
  • changes in … is not evolution
  • changes in … not evolution either
A

frequency in alleles;
individual development;
ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Key concepts of evolution:

  • … process
  • … and …
A

nonlinear process;
natural selection; adaptation;
random drift;
speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

key concepts of evolution:
nonlinear process:
- … process
- we and all other types of living beings are at the … stage of evolution - no …/… beings

A

tree-like;
same;
superior; inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

key concepts of evolution:
nonlinear process:
- we and all other types of living beings are at the same stage of evolution - no superior/inferior beings; all adapted to enviro we live in and there’s no … - all at the same stage; all share a …

A

superiority;

common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

key concepts of evolution:
natural selection and adaptation:
- result of selection against organisms that are easier to see by predators will cause adaptation to have an appearance that’s similar to the … - i.e. …
- because those who are more difficult to see will …, so their alleles …
- at the same time, the predators that can see those more camouflaged organisms will …

A
surroundings; 
camouflage; 
leave more descendants; 
increase in frequency; 
leave more descendants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

key concepts of evolution:

Adaptation is a consequence of …

A

natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
key concepts of evolution: 
random drift: 
- every time you have a ...
- ... and ... occur simultaneously 
- drift removes ... from the population
A

reduction in population size;
drift; selection;
variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

key concepts of evolution:
random drift:
- mechanism of drift is …, … –> because small sample sizes lead to a … sample

A

chance;
abiotic;
biased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
key concepts of evolution: 
random drift: 
- ...: drastic reduction in population 
- these events can lead to rise in frequency of ... from an adaptation point of view 
- ... can occur
A

bottleneck;
unfavorable characteristics;
fixation of an allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
key concepts of evolution: 
main types of speciation: 
- ...
- ...
- ...
- ...
A

allopatric;
peripatric;
parapatric;
sympatric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

key concepts of evolution:
allopatric speciation:
- original population and there’s some formation of a … (e.g. …, …, etc)

A

barrier;
river;
mountain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

key concepts of evolution:
allopatric speciation:
- with enough time, species evolves into …, such that if the barrier is removed, they are … - cannot mix in the same … as previously

A

two different species;
reproductively isolated;
rate;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

key concepts of evolution:
peripatric speciation:
- some individuals adapt to a … (new …)
- with time, they develop …

A

new niche;
environmental conditions;
reproductive isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

key concepts of evolution:

parapatric:
- … and some individuals become adapted to certain types of …

A

climatic gradient;

climates

20
Q

key concepts of evolution:

parapatric:
- with adaptation, you have two different species: … won’t be as well adapted to either of the climates, selection process that favors adaptation to …

A

hybrids;

two different environments

21
Q
key concepts of evolution: 
sympatric:
- most ... 
- they're in the same area and there's formation of ... within that area 
- e.g. ... in ...
A

controversial;
a new species;
cichlid fish;
Africa

22
Q

Short history of evo bio:

  • some ideas that species could change prior to Darwin - predominant idea was that species … before him
  • Darwin devised mechanism of … and … to explain evolution
A

could not change;
selection;
adaptation

23
Q

Short history of evo bio:

- In early 1900s, discovery of … allowed for development of …

A

genetics;

modern synthesis

24
Q

Most famous idea before Darwin was … idea of … - idea that species can change but it’s more of a … form of change

A

Lamarck’s; transformism;

linear

25
Most famous idea before Darwin was Lamarck's notion of transformism: - main two mechanisms he proposed: species have an "...", ....; inheritance of ....
internal force; internal drive to change; acquired characteristics
26
Lamarckism: | - e.g. giraffes stretching their necks to reach higher levels, enables them to develop ... and spread that to ...
longer necks; | offspring
27
Darwin was a ... ~ One of the main samples that enabled him to develop his theory were the ... He observed that they varied from ...
naturalist; Galapagos finches; island to island
28
Darwin observed that the Galapagos finches varied from island to island. His observations of ... enabled him to accept that species ...
geographic variation; | change
29
Darwin's finches: | In different islands, there were different ... and those finches were adapted to that
resources
30
Darwin's finches: One of the main things that influenced him was ... --> idea is that, as long as there are resources for the population, the population will keep ... But at some point, ... for the enviro will be reached and organisms have to ... for resources
Malthus's essay on population; growing; resource capacity; compete
31
Darwin's finches: One of the main things that influenced him was Malthus's essay on population. --> explains a struggle for existence in terms of ... developed idea that forms that are better adapted to survive will ... and lead to increase in ... from one generation to the next
resource competition; leave more offspring; frequency
32
Darwin's finches: Change in enviro, some individuals will be ... to that change than others --> better adapted forms increase in frequency, poorly adapted would ...; leads to formation of ...
better adapted; decrease; new species
33
initially, scientists imagined evolution as ... and ... --> thought that evolution should have an ..., ..., ... pattern - not true
``` one-dimensional; progressive; unfolding; predictable; progressive ```
34
scientists thought that evolution should have an unfolding predictable, progressive pattern: - not true - species don't have an inherent tendency to ...
rise to higher form
35
natural selection initially ... by most scientists: - bc there was no satisfactory theory of ... - some scientists argued that there were ... between forms - no ...
rejected; heredity; gaps; intermediates
36
while Darwin was developing his theory, so was .... The latter's ideas weren't widespread right away, but were rediscovered in ...
Mendel; | early 1900s
37
Modern synthesis: | - developed by ..., ... and ... - they developed things in parallel
Fisher; Haldane; Wright
38
Modern synthesis: - Put together ... and ... - developed ... models that explain how selection works
mendel's theory of inheritance; natural selection; mathematical models
39
Modern synthesis: | - Fisher: ... theory of ..., ...
genetical; natural selection; statistician
40
Modern synthesis: | Haldane: causes of ..., appendix with ... theory of ... and ...
evolution; | mathematical theory; artificial; natural selection
41
Modern synthesis: Haldane: - appendix with mathematical theory of artificial and natural selection - explaining how ... could occur in the ...
natural selection; | wild
42
Modern synthesis: Wright: - evolution in ... populations - worked out how selection could happen in populations through ...
Mendelian; | Mendelian inheritance
43
Dobzhansky studied ... and wrote ...
fruit fies; | Genetics and the Origin of Species
44
Ernst Mayr: ... and the ... | Julian Huxley: ...
Systematics and the Origin of Species; | Evolution: the Modern Synthesis
45
George Gaylord Simpson: ... ~ Led to emergence of new field called ...
Tempo and Mode in Evolution; | population genetics
46
These scientists were part of the society of ...: | - notion that you could ... human species through ...
eugenics; improve; genetics
47
These scientists were part of the society of eugenics: - very .... - made judgments of what are ... and what aren't - ... were developed based on these notions
racist; superior factors; laws