Exam 2 Lecs - 2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Both female frogs and predators attracted to males with …
  • Some of the morphological differences between males and females can be explained by … alone –> female and male hummingbirds have different beaks bc better adapted to …
A

complex calls;
natural selection;
eat from different flowers

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2
Q
  • female weevils use their apparatus to … and … in deeper burrows where they are better protected
  • higher … for female orangutans - this is typical of mammals
A

bore holes;
deposit eggs;
parental investment

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3
Q
  • even when parental care isn’t provided, … generally demand more energy for production as compared to …
  • males’ fitness more greatly influenced by …
A

eggs;
semen production;
variation in mating success

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4
Q

For newts, most males don’t find mates. For females, there are no females with …

  • offspring variation is not as large for … newts as for the opposite sex.
  • with increased number of mates, there are increased number of offspring - this pattern is much more pronounced/stronger in … as compared to the opposite sex
A

0 mates;
female;
males

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5
Q

with increased number of mates, there are increased number of offspring - this pattern is much more pronounced/stronger in males as compared to females.
- this changes if sex that … changes - e.g. seahorse and pipefish

A

invests more energy

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6
Q

with increased number of mates, there are increased number of offspring - this pattern is much more pronounced/stronger in males as compared to females.

this changes if sex that invests more energy changes - e.g. seahorse and pipefish:

  • males invest more energy - help … the egg and develop baby in …
  • in this case, the relationship is inverted - number of mates then becomes more important for … than for opposite sex, as they now have to …
A

oxygenate;
pouch;
females;
convince males to mate

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7
Q

if chance of mating more strongly determines number of offspring, … will be stronger for that sex
- if ability to convince other sex to mate is directly related to number of offspring, will evolve more elaborate ways of … –> for the other sex, where sexual selection is not that strong, they will be …

A

sexual selection;
convincing the other sex to reproduce;
the choosy sex

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8
Q

competition among males generally occurs through …

- evolving … body sizes, …, …, etc. (e.g. marine iguana)

A

combat;
larger;
weaponry;
armor

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9
Q

competition among males generally occurs through combat - e.g. marine iguana:

  • but, natural selection occurring as well - thus, … selection on size for iguanas
  • very large iguanas have … and tend to …
A

stabilizing selection;
energy deficit;
lose weight

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10
Q

competition among males generally occurs through combat - e.g. marine iguana:
- stabilizing selection on size for iguanas - very large iguanas have energy deficit and tend to lose weight –> need to … much more than they can, limit on … depending on … (i.e. algae) available

A

feed;
size;
amount of resources

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11
Q

competition among males generally occurs through combat - e.g. marine iguana:
limit on size in iguanas:
- in both santa fe and genovesa, the sizes are larger than the maximum size at which they can … - the reason is due to …
- females may be attracted based on … that males control.

A

maintain their weight;
sexual selection;
territory

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12
Q

competition among males generally occurs through combat - e.g. marine iguana:

  • females may be attracted based on territory that males control. Thus, males … for these territories and generally … males win
  • males that copulated in both islands were … than those that merely tried to mate
A

fight;
larger;
significantly larger

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13
Q

competition among males generally occurs through combat - e.g. marine iguana:

  • males that copulated in both islands were significantly larger than those that merely tried to mate –> larger males have more success
  • development of … in this case. Small males, despite not having territories, still manage to get about …% of the matings
A

alternative mating strategies;

5

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14
Q

lions live in groups where all the females are related to one another
- stronger males challenge those that are already with those females. they … and push out those males and become new mates for those females. Those males then … already there such that females can be receptive to … earlier, bc , while females are …, they cannot breed

A

fight;
kill all the cubs;
mating;
lactating

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15
Q

lions live in groups where all the females are related to one another:
- … is significant cause of lion mortality

in the case where males can’t monopolize females/resources, males then … –> …

A

infanticide;
advertise for mates;
elaborate courtship rituals

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16
Q

Trimmed tails of males of red-collared widowbird:

  • tails used as … display for females
  • two sizes: short and then control groups, then measured body condition index (e.g. …) –> wanted to know if males with longer tails need more … to survive
A

sexual;
weight;
energy

17
Q

Trimmed tails of males of red-collared widowbird:
wanted to know if males with longer tails need more energy to survive
- keep …. after territory establishment for those with short tails (I think it was actually for the ones with longer tails)? –> they lose weight at a …
- those with longer tails have … than short tailed males
- interaction between … and …

A
losing weight; 
faster rate; 
more mates; 
natural selection; 
sexual selection
18
Q

choosy females may benefit directly through the …
- benefit for males who capture larger prey - more time for females to … and therefore more time for … during copulation

A

acquisition of resources;
eat;
sperm donation

19
Q

By choosing males, females can also get … for offspring - higher …

A

better genes;

fitness

20
Q

By choosing males, females can also get better genes for offspring - higher fitness:
for frogs:
- males with long calls and with short calls
- identical females copulating with different types of males
- females like … males
- ran an experiment and compared tadpoles from different crossings and ran tadpoles on high food diet and low food diet and compared development of tadpoles –> found that offspring of long calling males had …, higher …, better …

A

long calling;
faster larval growth;
mass;
larval survival

21
Q

By choosing males, females can also get better genes for offspring - higher fitness:
for frogs
- results of this experiment supports hypothesis that choosy females get … for their offspring
- this results bc females that choose the best genes will have more offspring with higher fitness - that … will then pass onto next generation. next females that choose same, better males as mother will also produce … offspring

A

better genes;
choosiness;
higher fitness

22
Q

By choosing males, females can also get better genes for offspring - higher fitness:
for frogs:
- selection of females that make …
- males also advertise their good genes with …
- … acting here

A

better offspring;
longer calls;
natural selection

23
Q

can have sexual selection on females as well:

  • …: multiple mating by females
  • prairie dogs –> number of … influences number of offspring. advantageous for females to …,
A

polyandry;
sexual partners;
mate with more males

24
Q

can have sexual selection on females as well
- prairie dogs: number of sexual partners influences number of offspring –> higher probability of … and … for those who had more mates - pressure for females to …

A

getting pregnant;
giving birth;
have more mates