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Evolution > Exam 2 PPTs > Flashcards

Exam 2 PPTs Flashcards

1
Q

Tungara frogs

  • Female tungaras placed between loudspeakers playing different calls tend to approach the speaker emitting the more …. song
  • precisely the same preference is shown by …
A

complex;

frog-eating bats

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2
Q

The theory of evolution by natural selection can readily explain some cases of …

A

sexual dimorphism

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3
Q

The theory of evolution by natural selection can readily explain some cases of sexual dimorphism:
purple-throated carib:
- males - which are larger and … - tend to ….
- females are, instead, more strongly associated with the flowers of H. bihai

A

socially dominant;

monopolize the favored food (H. caribaea)

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4
Q

The theory of evolution by natural selection can readily explain some cases of sexual dimorphism:

weevil:
- divergent traits may also be adaptive for … reasons, as when males and females play different roles in …
- the females of this beetle use their elongated snouts to bore holes deep into the buds of their …, into which they …

A

intrinsic;
reproduction;
host plant;
deposit their eggs

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5
Q

A great many other cases of sexual dimorphism present considerably more challenging puzzles:

  • if a fan of iridescent eyespots improves the survival or fecundity of a peafowl, why do the hens not have them? How could a fan of iridescent eyespots improve survival or fecundity in the first place?
  • As with complex songs of tungara frogs, male peacocks are easier for …
  • elaborate plumage requires considerable …. to grow, maintain, and drag around.
A

predators to find and catch;

energy

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6
Q

A great many other cases of sexual dimorphism present considerably more challenging puzzles:
- elaborate plumage requires considerable energy to grow, maintain, and drag around. energy spent on feathers is energy that …

A

cannot be spent on making offspring

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7
Q

Sexual reproduction has two big challenges:

  1. …
  2. then …
A

surviving to adulthood;

reproducing

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction has two big challenges:

  1. surviving to adulthood
  2. then reproducing: finding a member of the opposite sex and …

Darwin realized that individuals vary not only in their success at …. and … but also in their success at …

A

persuading him/her to mate;
surviving; reproducing;
persuading members of the opposite sex to mat

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9
Q

…, just like dying young, can severely curtail an individual’s genetic contribution to future generation

A

failure to obtain a mate

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10
Q

Sexual selection:

  • differential reproductive success due to variation among individuals in …
  • we can develop a theory of evolution by sexual selection that is logically equivalent to the theory of evolution by natural selection: if there is heritable variation in a trait that affects the ability to …, then variants more conducive to … will become more common over time
A

their success at getting mates;
obtain mates;
success

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11
Q

Asymmetries in Sexual Reproduction:
Orangutan:
- Adults of opposite sex tolerate each other’s company for one purpose only, …
- if a pregnancy results, then the mother, who weighs about 40 kg, will carry the fetus for 8 months, give birth to a 1 kg baby, nurse it for about …, and continue to protect it until it reaches the age of …/…
- for the father, who weighs about 70 kg, the beginning and end of parental investment is … - which he can replace in a matter of hours/days
- how can this affect males/females differently?

A

reproduction;
3 years;
7;8;
a few grams of semen

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12
Q

Asymmetries in Sexual Reproduction:
Orangutan:
- orangutan mothers invest considerably more … and … in each offspring than orangutan fathers do
- in more than 90% of mammal species, … provide substantial parental care and the opposite sex provides little to none

A

time;
energy;
females

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13
Q

Asymmetries in Sexual Reproduction:

  • in most animal species, …
  • eggs are typically large and yolky, with a big supply of … and …
A

neither parent cares for the young;
stored energy;
nutrients

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14
Q

Asymmetries in Sexual Reproduction:

  • in many animals, … (or …) are more expensive than …
  • mothers typically make a … constructing and caring for the offspring than fathers do
A

animals;
pregnancies;
ejaculates;
larger parental investment

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15
Q

Asymmetries in Sexual Reproduction:
- parental investment increases the … of the offspring receiving it. At the same time, it decreases the remaining … that the parent may achieve in the future by way of …

A

reproductive success;
reproductive success;
additional offspring

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16
Q

Asymmetries in Sexual Reproduction:

- female: reproductive success of females is usually limited more by the … or … than by the number of …she can …

A

number of eggs she can make;
pregnancies she can carry;
males; convince to mate with her

17
Q

Asymmetries in Sexual Reproduction:

- male: reproductive success usually limited more by the number of …. than by the number of …

A

females he can convince to mate with him;

ejaculates he can make

18
Q

Asymmetries in Sexual Reproduction:

  • female reproductive success limited more by eggs/pregnancies
  • male reproductive success limited more by number of mates
  • under such circumstances differential reproductive success due to variation in mating success will be a more potent mechanism in the evolution of … than in the evolution of …

Mating Success and Reproductive Succes in a Newt:
- in rough-skinned newts, for males, more mates meant …

A

males;
females;
more offspring

19
Q

Mating Success and Reproductive Success in a Pipefish:

- for females, more mates meant …

A

more offspring

20
Q

Behavioral Consequences of Asymmetrical Limits on Fitness:
When sexual selection is strong for one sex and weak for the other, we can predict that:
- members of the sex subject to strong sexual selection will be …
- members of the sex subject to weak sexual selection will be …

A

competitive;

choosy

21
Q

Sexual Selection on Males:

  • sexual selection by male-male competition often occurs when individual males can monopolize …
  • male-male combat over access to mates can favor … traits including …, …, …
A 
access to females; 
morphological traits; 
large body size; 
weaponry; 
armor
22
Q

male-male competition on marine iguanas: combat:

  • … natural selection on size: medium-sized iguanas survive at higher rates than either small or large iguanas
  • larger iguanas can harvest more … and thus gather more …, but they also expend more energy on …
A

stabilizing;
algae;
energy;
metabolism

23
Q

male-male competition on marine iguanas: combat:

  • stabilizing natural selection on size
  • larger iguanas can harvest more algae and thus gather more energy, but they also expend more energy on metabolism
  • small iguanas ran a …
  • large iguanas ran a …
A

net energy surplus;

net energy deficit

24
Q

male-male competition on marine iguanas:
sexual selection on male size: larger males have …
- male iguanas … on the rocks where females bask between feeding bouts
- … males tend to win

A

more mates;
fight for territories;
bigger

25
Q

male-male competition on marine iguanas:

  • sexual selection on male size: larger males have more mates
  • because only some males manage to claim territories, because some owners maintain their claims longer than others, and because females prefer some territories and owners over others, there is … among males in …
A

extreme variation;

copulatory mating success

26
Q

male-male competition on marine iguanas:
- sexual selection on male size: larger males have more mates. explains why male marine iguanas get so much bigger than the …

A

optimal size for survival

27
Q

male-male combat can also lead to the evolution of alternative mating strategies:

  • small adult males are … from the mating territories on the basking grounds. however, they do get about …% of the matings in the colony
  • copulations by small males are more likely to be … (by large males) before the male has time to ejaculate - which typically happens after about 3 mins
A

ousted;
5;
disrupted

28
Q

male-male combat can also lead to the evolution of alternative mating strategies:

  • copulations by small males are more likely to be disrupted by large males before the male has time to ejaculate
  • the small males solve this problem by … They use the stimulation of an attempted copulation, or even of seeing a female pass by, to …
  • the males then store the ejaculate in their … if he gets a chance to mate, a small male … to the female at the beginning of copulation
A

ejaculating ahead of time;
induce ejaculation;
cloacal pouches;
transfers his stored ejaculate

29
Q

sexual selection on males: sperm competition:

  • sperm competition: the real determinant of a male’s mating success is not whether he copulates, but whether ….
  • if an animal has internal fertilization, and if a female mates with two or more different males within a short period, then the sperm from the males will be in a …
A

his sperm fertilize eggs;

race to the eggs

30
Q

sexual selection on males: sperm competition:

  • batches of offspring with … have been documented in a variety of animals, including squirrels, bears, birds, lizards, and spiders
  • it happens in humans too: several reports of twins with …
A

multiple fathers;

different fathers

31
Q

sexual selection on males: sperm competition:

  • the real determinant of a male’s mating success is not whether he copulates, but whether his sperm fertilize eggs
  • males may produce large …
  • males may … their mates
  • …
  • deposit a …
  • apply … that reduce the female’s …
A 
ejaculates; 
guard; 
prolong copulation; 
copulatory plug; 
pheromones; 
attractiveness
32
Q

sexual selection on males: infanticide:

  • infanticide: in lions, newcomer males kill unweaned cubs so that the females return to … earlier
  • infanticide by males is the cause of about …% of all cub deaths in the first year of life and over …% of all lion mortality
A

breeding condition;
25;
10

33
Q

sexual selection on males: female choice:

  • in general, males … if they are unable to monopolize females or any …
  • female typically …. advertisements of … before they choose a mate
  • sexual selection by mate choice leads to the evolution of ….
A 
advertise for mates; 
resource vital to females; 
inspect advertisements; 
several males; 
elaborate courtship displays
34
Q

sexual selection on males: female choice:

  • evolutionary biologists have devised numerous hypotheses about how and why female preferences evolve:
    1. choosy females may benefit directly through the …
    2. choosy females may get better …
A

acquisition of resources;

genes for their offspring

35
Q

sexual selection on males: female choice:
choosy females may get better genes for their offspring
- selection acts on female indirectly via the production of …
- if males with attractive displays are … to males giving less attractive displays, then choosy females will secure … for their offspring

A

high-fitness offspring;
genetically superior;
better genes

36
Q

sexual selection on females:
- …: multiple mating by females
gunnison’s prairie dogs
- the probability of getting pregnant and giving birth was 92% for females that had only …, but 100% for females that had …

A

polyandry;
one or two mates;
three or more

Evolution (27 decks)

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