Exam 2 PPTs - 5 Flashcards
humans belong to the same clade as the …
apes
apes synapomorphies include:
- relatively …
- the absence of a …
- a more … posture
large brains;
tail;
erect
apes synapomorphies include:
- greater flexibility of the … and …
- increased flexibility of the … and …
hips; ankles;
wrist; thumb
apes synapomorphies include:
6. changes in the structure and use of the … and …
arm; shoulder
Humans specifically belong to the same clade as the … apes
great african
African Ape synapomorphies include:
- … skulls
- enlarged …
- short but stout …
elongated;
browridges;
canine teeth
African Ape synapomorphies include:
- changes in the front of the … (…)
- fusion of … in the …
upper jaw;
premaxilla;
certain bones;
wrist
African Ape synapomorphies include:
- enlarged … and …
- changes in …
- reduced …
ovaries; mammary glands;
muscular anatomy;
hairiness
… possible resolutions of the evolutionary relationships among humans and African great apes
the clade includes humans, .., … and …
four;
gorillas;
chimps;
bonobos
Divergence times for the apes. humans and chimps shared an ancestor roughly …
5 to 7 mya
A whole genome phylogeny of mammals:
- branch lengths are proportional to a measure of …
- humans and chimps and even humans and rhesus monkeys, are much more similar to each other than mice are to …
- the overall divergence between humans and chimps is a little over …
genomic distance;
rats;
1%
The Recent Ancestry of Humans:
a possible early hominid - S tchadensis
it shows a curious mixture of traits:
- the small … makes it look, from the back, like a chimpanzee
- from the front its relatively … face makes it look like an Australopithecus, Kenyanthropus, or Homo from as recently as 1.75 million years ago
braincase;
flat
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
A. ramidus:
- small face and a brain the size of a chimps
- various features of its skeleton indicate that it was a good … and was also capable of … on the ground
- the team that discovered a. ramidus believes it is more closely related to … than to …
climber;
walking upright;
humans; chimps
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence (undisputed early hominids): A. africanus and A. afarensis: - skulls with .. - relatively ..., ... faces - both species ...
small braincases;
large; projecting;
walked on two legs
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence (undisputed early hominids):
K. platyops, A. anamensis;
- A brain the same size as that of A. afarensis
- K. platyops has … teeth and a … and more human-looking face than A. afarensis
- A. anamensis, is less well known
smaller;
flatter
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Megadont archaic hominins:
- these species had … braincases and … faces
- they had enormous …, robust … and massive …
relatively small; very large; cheek teeth; jaws; jaw muscles
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
… hominids:
- many researchers consider these species to be among the first humans
- both lived in the same place at about the same time
- both forms have … than the australopithecines
- … faces than the australopithecines
- overlap the australopithecines in … and … size
transitional;
larger brains;
flatter;
tooth; body
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Premodern Homo
- features characteristic of humans:
- much … brain than any of the other fossils we have discussed so far
- relatively …, …. face
- smaller … and …
larger;
smaller; flatter;
teeth; jaws
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence: Premodern Homo features characteristic of humans: - greater ... - longer ... - reduced ...
height;
legs;
sexual size dimorphism
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Homo ergaster - from Kenya
~
Homo erectus:
- first human ancestor to spread throughout …, with a continental range extending from the … to …
Eurasia;
Iberian Peninsula; Java
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Homo erectus:
- possibly the earliest human ancestor capable of using …, … and … in coordinated groups, caring for … or … group members, and possibly … and …
fire;
hunting; gathering;
injured; sick;
seafaring; art
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Homo neanderthalensis:
- Lived in … until about 40,000 ya
- they most likely went extinct due to … into the modern human genome (…) , great … change, …, or a combination of these features
Eurasia;
assimilation; bred into extinction;
climatic change;
disease
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Neanderthal technology:
- … industry
- ability to create …
- craft at least … similar to … and …
stone-tool;
create fire;
simple clothes; blankets; ponchos
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence: Neanderthal technology: - go ... through the Mediterranean - make use of ... - ...
seafaring;
medicinal plants;
store food
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
Neanderthal technology:
- …: …, … and …
cooking;
roasting;
boiling;
smoking
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
an anatomically modern H. sapiens:
- … were the first early modern humans to settle in Europe, continuously occupying the continent possibly from as early as 48,000 years ago
- they interacted and interbred with the indigenous …
Cro-Magnons;
Neanderthals
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence: an anatomically modern H. sapiens cro-magnons: - ... braincases -..., ... foreheads - ..., ..., ... faces - ... noses
large;
high; steep;
short; flat; vertical;
prominent
The Recent Ancestry of Humans - the fossil evidence:
- the pattern of evolution from our common ancestor with the chimps has not been simple
- … has produced a diversity of lineages
- throughout most of the last 4 million years, multiple species have coexisted in …
speciation;
Afriac
Origin of the species H. sapiens: hypotheses on the transition from archaic to anatomically modern humans: - ... - ... - ...
african replacement;
hybridizaiton and assimilation;
multiregional evolution
Origin of the species H. sapiens:
- if the African replacement model is correct, then present-day racial variation is the result of … that occurred within the last 100,000 to 200,000 years
- if one of the other models is correct, then present day racial variation represents a mixture of … and …
recent geographic differentiation;
recent; ancient geographic differentiation
The evolution of distinctive human traits:
- … and … rely on overlapping neural circuits in the brain
tool use; language
The evolution of distinctive human traits:
- some of the individuals in the population reliably throw missiles, while others do not (this is talking about hcimps)
- the chimps that throw had higher ratios of … to …, indicating a higher number of …
white matter; gray matter;
myelinated interneurons
The evolution of distinctive human traits:
what separates human tools from those of chimps is the … of their … and …
sophistication;
manufacture; use
The evolution of distinctive human traits:
- the modified anatomy of the … evolved in response to selection pressures associated with the manufacture and use of …
human thumb;
complex tools
The evolution of distinctive human traits:
which of our ancestors had language?
- all apes have … except for humans
- the adaptive significance of this is unclear
- one hypothesis is that their absence facilitates …
air sacs;
spoken communication
The evolution of distinctive human traits:
which of our ancestors had language?
- hyoid bones of neanderthals lacks a …, so do the hyoid bones from two 530,000 year old specimens of homo heidelbergensis found in Spain
- the hyoid of a 3.3 million year old Australopithecus afarensis found in ethiopia has a …
- on this evidence, it appears that spoken language arose some time between 3.3 million and 530,000 ya, probably in a member of …
bulla;
bulla;
genus Homo
