Exam Flashcards
1
Q
imperialism
A
the quest for colonial empires
2
Q
subsidy
A
a government bonus payment
3
Q
protectorate
A
country dependent on another for protection
4
Q
spheres of influence
A
regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over mines, railroads, and trade
5
Q
Open Door Policy
A
declaration made by John Hay that all nations should have equal access to trade and investment in China
6
Q
dollar diplomacy
A
Taft’s policy of influencing Latin American affairs through economic influence rather than military force
7
Q
When did McKinley annex Hawaii?
A
July 7, 1898
8
Q
Henry Cabbot Lodge
A
a senator from Massachusetts who encouraged expansion of the economy by strengthening the military
9
Q
List 3 superpowers in the late 1800s and early 1900s.
A
- Great Britain
- Germany
- United States
10
Q
List 3 regions that the global superpowers were fighting for resources in.
A
- Africa
- Asia
- Latin America
11
Q
What significant thing did Japan do in 1894?
A
invaded China and marked its emergence as an imperial power
12
Q
What did the 1875 treaty with Hawaii say?
A
- exempted Hawaiian sugar from U.S. tariffs
- Hawaii promised not to grant territory or special privileges in the islands to any other country
- added Pearl Harbor
13
Q
Who was Jose Marti?
A
- Cuban poet who led a revolt against Cuba and was banished for his beliefs
- promoted independence for Cuba and moved to New York to write articles about it
14
Q
List the results of Japan trying to become a military and industrial superpower.
A
- invaded China
- attacked Russian forces in Manchuria
15
Q
Who used The Examiner to get the U.S. to intervene in the Cuba-Spain conflict?
A
William Randolph Hearst
16
Q
The U.S.S. main attack killed ____ soldiers.
A
260
17
Q
How did the U.S.S. main attack affect the U.S. intervention and spark the Spanish-American war?
A
Americans blamed Spain for the attack and declared war
18
Q
What general was appointed governor of Cuba in 1889?
A
Leonard Wood
19
Q
Philippine Government Act
A
established a governor and 2-house legislature to rule the Philippines
20
Q
How much did the U.S. pay Columbia for the Panama Canal?
A
$10 million and a yearly rental of $250,000 for 99 years
21
Q
How many miles long is the Panama Canal?
A
51 miles
22
Q
How many hours does it take to cross the Panama Canal?
A
6-7 hours
23
Q
How many ships on average cross the Panama Canal in a day?
A
36
24
Q
What 2 bodies of water does the Panama Canal connect?
A
Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean
25
What is the toll for crossing the Panama Canal per ship on average?
$188,000
26
How many men were recruited from the British West Indies to help build the Panama Canal?
over 20,000
27
What were the major problems that killed many during the Panama Canal's construction?
malaria and yellow fever
28
What president came to power in Mexico in 1877?
Diaz
29
What goals did President Diaz want to achieve?
- impose order
- attract foreign investors
- expansion of railroads
- improve mining industry
30
How many executive elections did Diaz win and what did he use to win them?
8; force and fraud
31
Who came to power after Diaz and what did he achieve?
Francisco Madero; placed an embargo on arms sales to his opponents, toppled the Diaz dictatorship, held a democratic election
32
What is the Teller Amendment?
- once Cuba won its independence from Spain, the U.S. would leave the government and control of the island to its people
33
How much did the U.S. pay Spain for the Philippines?
$20 million
34
The Jones Act granted Puerto Ricans _______________.
U.S. citizenship
35
Who was the leading Mexican rebel?
Poncho Villa
36
What general was assigned to find and capture the rebel?
John J. Pershing
37
How did the Mexican Revolution affect American views of Mexico?
Americans viewed Mexico as unstable and a danger to U.S. security
38
How did the U.S. intervention both help and hurt Mexico?
- tried to establish a democracy and help Mexico's economy
- caused death and destruction
39
arbitration
the process by which two opposing sides allow a 3rd party to settle a dispute
40
reclamation
the process of making damaged land productive again
41
recall
enables voters to remove an elected official from office by calling for a special election
42
direct primary
a nominating election in which voters choose the candidates who later run in a general election
43
initiative
gives voters the power to introduce legislation
44
referendum
a companion to the initiative
45
What did Samuel M. "Golden Rule" Jones and Tom Johnson fight for?
- improved police force
- improved municipal services
- set a minimum wage for city workers
- opened kindergartens for children
- a new, fairer tax system
46
What was Roosevelt's 1904 campaign slogan?
the Square Deal
47
What was the single sheet of paper listing all candidates that was developed in Australia?
secret ballot
48
Upton Sinclair
published The Jungle in 1906
49
Gifford Pinchot
a conservationist, forester, and friend of Roosevelt's who helped conserve the nation's resources
50
William H. Taft
Roosevelt's secretary of war and the president after him (27th president)
51
Elkins Act
forbade shipping companies from accepting rebates, or money given back in return for business
52
Federal Reserve Act
helped run the national banking system
53
NAWSA
National American Woman Suffrage Association
54
Ida Tarbell
published 19 articles on the Standard Oil Company's corrupt business practices
55
Florence Kelley
reformer who helped persuade the Illinois legislature in 1893 to prohibit child labor and to limit the number of hours women could work
56
closed shop
a workplace where all the employees must belong to a union
57
open shop
a nonunion workplace
58
socialism
the system under which the government or worker cooperatives own most factories, utilities, and transportation and communications systems
59
Lawrence Veiller
a settlement house worker who attacked irresponsible tenement owners; campaigned for improved housing
60
W.E.B. Du Bois
the first African American to earn a doctorate from Harvard; strong supporter of civil rights
61
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
62
Americanization
a process of preparing foreign-born residents for full U.S. citizenship
63
political machines
well-organized political parties in charge of public offices
- managed by political bosses
64
Alexander Shepherd
political boss who spent $20 million on civic improvements and new jobs in Washington D.C.
65
Tammany Hall
a democratic political machine in New York City that helped immigrants become naturalized and find temporary housing
66
graft
the acquisition of money/political power through illegal or dishonest methods
67
kickbacks
payments of part of the earnings from a job or contract
68
What scandals occurred during Grant's presidency?
- gold scandal
- railroad credit scandal
- whiskey ring scandal
69
Who became president in 1876 after Ulysses S. Grant?
Rutherford B. Hayes
70
Who became president and vice president in 1880?
- James A. Garfield was president
- Chester A. Arthur was vice president (later became president when James A. Garfield was assassinated)
71
Pendleton Civil Service Act
established the Civil Service Commission to administer exams to people seeking government jobs
72
What economic hardships did farmers face?
- oversupply
- low prices for crops
- high prices for land and machinery
- high rates for freights
- loans couldn't be repaid
- lost their farms
73
cooperatives
organizations in which groups of farmers pool their resources to buy and sell goods
74
graduated income tax
taxed higher incomes at a higher rate
75
Farmers' Alliance
a farmers organization that offered farmers low cost insurance; lobbied for tougher bank regulations, government ownership of railroads, and a graduated income tax
76
Mary Elizabeth Lease
leader of the Farmers' Alliance movement who traveled the country urging people to take action
77
Interstate Commerce Act
prohibited railroads from giving secret refunds to large shippers or charging more for short hauls
78
gold standard
type of monetary system in which a dollar is worth a specific amount in gold
79
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
required the government to buy silver each month and mint it into coins
80
William McKinley
became president in 1896; adopted a conservative platform upholding the gold standard
81
old immigrants
immigrants who came to the U.S. before the 1880s, mostly Protestants from northwestern Europe
82
new immigrants
immigrants who came to the U.S. between the 1880s and 1910s, mostly from southern and eastern Europe
83
steerage
poor accommodations in a ship's lower levels
84
Immigration Restriction League
organization formed in 1894 that sought to impose a literacy test on all U.S. immigrants
85
Chinese Exclusion Act
denied citizenship to people born in China and prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers
86
benevolent societies
organizations that helped immigrants in cases of sickness, unemployment, and death
87
Ellis Island and Angel Island
served as immigration stations during the late 1800s
88
Elisha Otis
developed a mechanized elevator
89
suburbs
residential neighborhoods on the outskirts of a city
90
tenements
poorly built apartment buildings
91
settlement houses
community service centers
92
Janie Porter Barrett
founded one of the first African American settlement houses
93
Social Gospel
called for people to apply Christian principles to address social problems
94
Caroline Bartlett
organized People's Church in Kalamazoo; established a free public kindergarten, gym, skill classes, sponsored creative activities, and a meals program for workers
95
Frederick Law Olmsted
designed Central Park in NYC
96
ragtime
a form of music that copied the foot stomping of audiences listening to folk songs
- Scott Joplin = King of ragtime
97
Aaron Champion
organized the first professional baseball team called the Cincinnati Red Stockings
98
James Naismith
invented basketball
99
patent
a guarantee to protect an inventor's rights to make, use, or sell an invention
100
George Westinghouse
developed the compressed air-brake
101
Orville and Wilbur Wright
developed the airplane
102
List innovations that were made in transportation in the late 1800s.
- airplane
- railroads
- automobile engines
- passenger trains
103
telegraph
sent messages over long distances using a system of dots and dashes
- invented by Samuel F.B. Morse
104
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone
105
Christopher Sholes
developed the typewriter
106
Thomas Edison
invented the light bulb and opened one of the first electric power plants in New York City
107
capitalism
private businesses run most industries and competition determines how much goods cost and workers are paid
108
free enterprise
supply, demand, and profit margin determine what businesses produce; free market with little government regulation
109
Karl Marx
developed communism
110
corporation
organizers raise money by selling shares of stocks to stockholders
111
trust
a group of companies turn control of their stock over to a common board of trustees
112
monopoly
exclusive economic control of an industry
113
George Pullman
created the passenger car train
114
Sherman Antitrust Act
outlawed all monopolies and trusts that restrained trade
115
amnesty
full pardon
116
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln's vice president who became the 17th president after his death; democrat, slaveholder, and former Tennessee senator; first president to be impeached
117
Black Codes
African Americans couldn't hold meetings without whites, travel without permits, own guns, attend schools with whites, serve on juries, or own a dog
118
Frederick Douglass
embraced policies of Restoration and publicly supported voting rights for African Americans; led the way for African American rights
119
Freedmen's Bureau
aided millions of southerners left homeless and hungry by the war; distributed food and clothing, provided jobs, set up hospitals, and operated schools
120
Tenure of Office Act
required Senate approval of a replacement before the president could remove an appointed official who had been confirmed by the Senate
121
Ku Klux Klan
founded in 1866 to prevent African Americans from voting
- burned homes, schools, and churches and stole livestock
122
Enforcement Acts
3 laws that empowered the federal government to combat terrorism with military force and to prosecute guilty individuals
123
Civil Rights Act of 1875
prohibited businesses that served the public from discriminating against African Americans
124
sharecropping
a system in which a farmer worked a parcel of land in return for a share of the crop, a cabin, seed, tools, and a mule
- drawbacks were debt and being tied to a 1 crop system of cotton
125
crop-lien system
arrangement in which sharecroppers promised their crops to merchants in exchange for supplies on credit
126
poll taxes
fixed taxes imposed on every voter
127
literacy tests
tests that barred those who could not read from voting
128
Jim Crow laws
laws that enforced segregation in the South
129
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court ruling that established the "separate-but-equal" doctrine for public facilities
130
Madame C.J. Walker
African American entrepreneur; one of the first women in the U.S. to become a millionaire
131
Booker T. Washington
believed African Americans should concentrate on achieving economic independence and discouraged them from protesting against discrimination; founded the Tuskegee Institute
132
Ida B. Wells
civil rights activist, journalist, and teacher; focused on stopping the lynching of African Americans
133
Fort Sumter
major port city of the south; a strategic location in the harbor of Charleston, SC
- on April 12, the first shot of the Civil War was fired here by Confederate forces
134
What advantages did the north have?
- greater population
- had more equipment and railroads
- controlled resources
135
What advantages did the south have?
- home field advantage
- defensive tactics of Robert E. Lee
136
What was the capital of the Confederacy?
Richmond, Virginia
137
Lincoln's 3-part strategy
1) capture Richmond
2) gain control of the MS River
3) set up naval blockades in the south
138
What mistake did the south make in assessing its war resources?
assumed they'd receive foreign aid from Britain and France
139
What were the colors of the Union and Confederate uniforms?
- Union = blue
- Confederacy = gray
140
What hardships did soldiers experience?
- homesickness
- lack of food and clothing
- disease, infection, and malnutrition
141
Elizabeth Blackwell
first professionally licensed female doctor in the U.S.
142
Clara Barton
established the Red Cross
143
habeas corpus
protection against unlawful imprisonment
144
Ulysses S. Grant
- led Union forces in the west
- 18th president
145
The bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. military history was the ______________.
Battle of Antietam
146
war of attrition
to continue fighting until your opponent runs out of men, supplies, and the will to fight
147
total war
strategy where an army destroys its opponent's ability to fight by attacking civilian, economic, and military targets
148
What were the terms of the surrender at Appomattox Courthouse?
- Confederate officers could keep their side arms
- all soldiers would be fed and allowed to keep their horses and mules
149
What was the railroad junction of the south?
Corinth
150
What was the key to the north winning the war?
Vicksburg
151
Robert E. Lee
Confederate military general
152
Bill of Rights
10 amendments that guarantee specific rights
153
What Republican was named the 3rd president in 1801?
Thomas Jefferson
154
Monroe Doctrine
President Monroe vowed to oppose European attempts for expansion
155
Harriet Tubman
the most famous and successful conductor on the Underground Railroad
156
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin
157
Susan B. Anthony
campaigned for property rights for women in New York
158
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin
159
Abraham Lincoln
won the election of 1860 and became the 16th president
160
John Wilkes Booth
killed Abraham Lincoln in 1865
161
Bureau of Indian Affairs
the government agency responsible for managing American Indian issues
162
Sitting Bull
an important leader of the Sioux resistance
163
Geronimo
Apache leader who fled the San Carlos Reservation; his surrender marked the end of armed resistance to the reservation system in the Southwest
164
long drives
long overland treks on which cowboys herded cattle from ranches to rail lines
165
railhead
a town located along a railroad
166
barbed wire
a cheap fencing material patented by Joseph Glidden
167
John D. Rockerfeller
one founder of the Standard Oil Company
168
Andrew Carnegie
leader of the steel industry
169
anarchists
people who oppose all forms of government
170
Federalists
favored ratification of the Constitution
171
Anti-Federalists
feared a powerful national government
172
depression
a sharp drop in business activity and a rise in unemployment
173
Articles of Confederation
a plan for a national government; the first written constitution of the U.S.; went into effect in 1781
174
Treaty of Paris 1783
granted the U.S. independence + land from the Atlantic coast westward to the MS River and from the Great Lakes south to Florida
175
Battle of Yorktown
battle where the British surrendered and ended the Revolutionary war
176
Common Sense
pamphlet that raised support for the Revolution and called for the end of British rule (written by Thomas Paine)
177
Lexington and Concord
where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired
178
Intolerable Acts
laws that closed the port of Boston, revoked the colony's charter, and ordered local officials to provide food and shelter for British soldiers
179
Stamp Act
levied a tax on printed matter of all kinds (legal documents, newspapers, playing cards)
180
William Penn
founded Pennsylvania for the Quakers
181
James Oglethorpe
founded Georgia
182
Mayflower Compact
the first governing document in America; established a self-governing colony
183
Mayflower
the name of the boat that the pilgrims used to reach America
184
Roanoke Island
the first attempt to settle in Virginia; led by Sir Walter Raleigh
185
Hernan Cortes
conquered the Aztec Empire and built Mexico City
186
Christopher Columbus
tried to reach Asia in 1492 by sailing west across the Atlantic but landed in San Salvador
187
feudalism
a system where feudal nobles pledged loyalty/military assistance to more powerful leaders in return for land and protection from invasion
188
Paleo Indians
the first Americans who followed animal herds through North America
189
1st Amendment
freedom of the press, speech, assembly, religion, and petition
190
2nd Amendment
right to bear arms
191
5th Amendment
no person must testify against themselves in a court of law
192
13th Amendment
abolished slavery
193
15th Amendment
male voting rights, no discrimination
194
19th Amendment
gave women the right to vote
195
Woodrow Wilson
became president after Taft; 28th president
