Chapter 12 Flashcards
What were the causes of World War I?
- growth of nationalism
- Serbia’s growing strength
- militarism
- arms race
- alliances with other nations
What is the capital of Bosnia?
Sarajevo
Allied Powers
Britain, France, Russia
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria (Ottoman Empire)
no-man’s land
bombed-out territory with barbed wire and land mines
trench warfare
type of fighting using the strategy of defending a position by fighting from the protection of deep ditches
What was the most feared weapon introduced in World War I?
poison gas
Manfred von Richthofen
Red Baron; most successful pilot (ace) with 80 kills
Edward Rickenbacker
top American ace with 26 kills
How did trench warfare affect the fighting?
made it more brutal and deadly
What technological innovations changed the way World War I was fought?
- submarines
- trench warfare
- tanks
- poison gas
What challenges did the U.S. face when trying to remain neutral?
- strictly a European matter
- strong allies with Britain
- 30% of the U.S. population were immigrants or children
- Britain instituted a naval blockade
National Defense Act (1916)
increased army soldiers to 175,000 with a goal of 223,000; established the National Guard’s size at 450,000 troops; $313 million spent to build up the navy
Selective Service Act
required men to register with local draft boards
_____________ American Indians served in the war.
10,000
_____________ African Americans served in the war.
370,000
How did the U.S. government prepare the nation for war?
- President Wilson mobilized the nation
- set up programs to finance the war
- conserved resources and redirected industry
- campaigned for enthusiasm for war
- spent $35 billion on the war including loans to the Allies
- increased taxes
Food Administration and Fuel Administration
regulated the production and supply of these essential resources
Why were federal boards and agencies created?
to regulate industrial production and distribution
What steps did the U.S. government take to finance the war?
- raised taxes
- sold bonds
- conserved resources
Juliette Gordon Low
organized the Girl Scouts of America
- “A girl cannot die for her country, but she can live for it”
How did organized labor and some women benefit economically and politically from the war effort?
- new career opportunities for women
- 19th Amendment
Great Migration (1915-1930)
hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved northward to escape discrimination and difficult living and working conditions
pacifism
the refusal to use violence to settle disputes
militarism
the glorification of military strength
Espionage Act and Sedition Act
outlawed acts of treason and made it a crime to use disloyal or abusive language criticizing the government, the flag, or the military
Fourteen Points
a program developed by Woodrow Wilson to promote world peace
- limit territorial disputes
- secret diplomacy
- arms race
- violation of the seas
- trade barriers
- established the League of Nations
League of Nations
an international body designed to prevent offensive wars
Woodrow Wilson was the first president to do what?
cross the Atlantic Ocean while in office
convoy system
use of armed vessels to escort unarmed merchant vessels transporting troops, supplies, or volunteers through the North Atlantic during the war
reparations
payments
Treaty of Versailles
- required rulers to report to the League of Nations
- re-established Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland as independent nations
- disarmed Germany and forced them to admit full responsibility for the war
- charged Germany billions of dollars in reparations
How many people died in the war and how many were wounded?
- 8.5 million died
- 21 million wounded
