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z PP1: Cell Bio > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the order of the processes that support the Central Dogma?

A

DNA replication, transcription, translation

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2
Q

Sometimes the sequence of DNA gets mutated and an adenine is paired to a cytosine. Why is this interaction unstable?

A

Because the chemical groups that form hydrogen bonds are in the wrong positions

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3
Q

True or False: In a long double stranded DNA molecule containing the genetic information for many genes, the template strand for one gene may be the non-template strand for another gene located in a different region of DNA.

A

True

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4
Q

What is the sequence of the RNA molecule encoded by the sequence of DNA 5’-ACTAGC-3’

A

5’-GCUAGU-3’

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5
Q

In a particular sample of DNA, if the amount of T is 70% of the total amount of pyrimidines, what percentage of the whole sample of DNA is made with G?

A

15%

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6
Q

Experiments by Avery supported DNA as the genetic material by showing that

A

only samples with DNA provided transforming activity

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7
Q

Which molecules were identified at the end of Miller and Urey’s experiment?

A

Amino Acids

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8
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for RNA

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9
Q

A water molecule contains what type of bond?

A

Polar covalent

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10
Q

DNA is required for _____ and _______ of genetic informaiton

A

Storage and transmitting

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11
Q

Who found out about x-ray crystallography can show the 3D structure of a substance. And what did he/she see?

A

Rosalind Franklin, she saw DNA double helix. Watson and Crick took credit for her work

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12
Q

What is carbs, monomer, polymer, bond, element, and give an example

A

monosaccharide, polysaccharide, glycosidic linkage, (C,H,O), Ribose/Deoxyribose

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13
Q

What is lipids, monomer, polymer, bond, elements, example?

A

3 fatty acids and glycerol, no polymer, ester linkage, (C,H,O), phospholipids

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14
Q

What is proteins monomer, polymer, bond, elements, and example?

A

Amino Acids, polypeptide, peptide bond, (C,H,O,N,S), hemoglobin

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15
Q

What is nucleic acids monomer, polymer, bond, elements, and example?

A

Nucleotides, polynucleotide, phosphodiester bond, (C,H,O,N,P), DNA/RNA

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16
Q

What is the storage polysaccharide in plants? What is it in animals?

A

Plants –> Starch
Animals –> Glycogen

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17
Q

What are the two main structures in phospholipids?

A

phosphate head, 2 fatty acid tails

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18
Q

Where do peptide bonds form between amino acids?

A

Between C and N terminus

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19
Q

Who discovered that A%=T% and C%=G%

A

Erwin Chargaff

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20
Q

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick

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21
Q

What are the 5 key features of DNA?

A

DNA runs in opposite directions, has major and minor grooves, uniform diameter, double stranded helix, right-handed helix

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22
Q

What was Griffith’s experiment and what did it discover?

A

Used mice with virulent and nonvirulent strand of bacteria to prove that there is a transforming principle

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23
Q

Avery discovered the transforming principle. How did he do that?

A

Used enzymes and observed which cells transformed, DNA was the transforming principle

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24
Q

The hershey-chase experiment used a virus to determine whether ___ or ______ is the genetic material

A

DNA, Protein

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25
Q

What is transfection?

A

Genetic information of eukaryotic cells

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26
Q

What did the Miller Urey experiment prove? What were the existing conditions of Earth at the time?

A

Earth led to the formation of amino acids, pyrimidines, and purines. Existing conditions were lightning, heated water, and combination of gases

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27
Q

What were Redi’s and Pasteur’s experiment? What did they prove?

A

Pasteur used two types of flasks to see what had microbial growth. Redi used 3 jars with meat inside and found which grew maggots inside. Both disproved spontaneous generation and proved that life only arises from life itself.

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28
Q

Phosphate groups in nucleic acids have what kind of charge?

A

Negative

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29
Q

Is carboxyl a strong or weak acid? Is amino a strong or weak base?

A

Both are weak

30
Q

DNA has a 3’ and 5’ end. Which side is the hydroxyl and which side is the phosphate?

A

3’ = hydroxyl
5’ = phosphate

31
Q

Definition of translation and transcription with respect to expression of a gene to form a polypeptide

A

Translation - making a single stranded RNA copy of a gene
Transcription - using RNA sequence information to make a polypeptide

32
Q

Transcription requires (3 things)

A

DNA template
Nucleotide sequence (ATP,GTP,CTP,UTP)
RNA polymerase enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of RNA

33
Q

Transcription starts at ___ and goes to ___

A

5’ UTR, 3’ UTR

34
Q

Are UTRs introns or exons

A

introns

35
Q

Where does translation occur

A

in the cytoplasm

36
Q

Does bacteria have introns

A

No

37
Q

Which way does transcription read?

A

5’ to 3’

38
Q

What does the poly A tail cause?

A

Stability

39
Q

What does the spliceosome cut?

A

pre-mRNA then it releases introns, splices exons together to produce mature mRNA

40
Q

What are the two forms of Amino Acids? Which one is only in living cells?

A

D, L
L in living cells only

41
Q

Three types of Amino Acid interactions

A

Amino acids with electrically charged hydrophilic side chains
Amino acids with polar but uncharged side chains
Amino acids with non-polar hydrophobic side chains

42
Q

How many different things do you need to have in order to have optical isomers?

A

4

43
Q

What is special with cysteine

A

has -sh which creates disulfide bridges

44
Q

What is special about glycine

A

it has a hydrogen which makes it very small

45
Q

What is special about proline?

A

It causes bends in proteins

46
Q

4 subunits that are different are called a what?

A

homotetramer

47
Q

Denatured or newly synthesized proteins can sometimes bind to other molecules inappropriately ________ help prevent this

A

Chaperone Proteins

48
Q

What does rRNA do?

A

Catalyzes peptide bonds and provides structure

49
Q

tRNA does what?

A

Is an adapter between the mRNA code and the amino acids used to make a polypeptide
They carry amino acids for the process of translation

50
Q

Where are the anticodons located on a strand?

A

In the middle

51
Q

What end does the covalent attachment of amino acids add on

A

3’

52
Q

What was Benzer’s experiment and what did it do?

A

He found out that anticodons are recognized to make proteins by changing the tRNA when it codes for the anticodons

53
Q

Do stop codons code for amino acids

A

No

54
Q

What is redundancy?

A

There is more than one codon for amino acids

55
Q

What does it mean when the genetic code is unambiguous?

A

Each codon specifies only one amino acid

56
Q

What is the definition of Wobble?

A

When specificity for the base at the 3’ end of the codon is not always observed. For example GCA, GCG, GCC, and GCU all code for alanine.

57
Q

What was Nirenberg, Matthaei and Khorana’s experiment?

A

They used artifical polynucleotides instead of mRNA as a messenger
Identified the polypeptide that resulted from each artificial polynucleotide

58
Q

How many codons are there?

A

64

59
Q

What is the A site?

A

Entry of charged tRNA; binds to mRNA

60
Q

What is the P site?

A

Growing protein is transferred to the amino acids on the incoming tRNA

61
Q

What is the E site?

A

Where the uncharged tRNA sits before being released

62
Q

What would happen if you were to give polycistronic mRNA to a monocistronic mRNA?

A

It would continue coding for only one protein

63
Q

A researcher has measured the pH of a solution and found that the pH is 10. This solution is ____ and has more ____ compared to ____

A

basic; hydroxide ions; protons

64
Q

What is an abundant element found in the crust, but trace amounts in the human body?

A

Silicon

65
Q

What are the 5 most abundant elements in the body?

A

C,H,O,N,P

66
Q

What properties does a hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and thiol functional group have?

A

Hydroxyl - polar
Carboxyl - acid
Amino - base
Phosphate - Negative charge, hydrophilic
Thiol - disulfide bridges

67
Q

What are carbohydrates structural function in insects?

A

Chitin, found in insects exoskeleton

68
Q

Lipids are ______________ and serve as insulation in animals, nerve coatings for electrical insulation, and prevent drying?

A

non polar hydrocarbons

69
Q

How is DNA packaged?

A

Histones

DNA + Histone = Nucleosome

70
Q

______________ allows for different proteins to be coded from the same gene

A

Alternative splicing

71
Q

In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what viruses did they use?

A

P32 and S35

z PP1: Cell Bio (18 decks)

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