Chapter 10 Flashcards
cadherins are:
cell adhesion molecules found in cell junctions
This protein appears as a “web” in the cytoplasm of cells. The protein is likely:
a component of the cytoskeleton.
What end do dynein and kinesin go towards
Dynein to minus end
Kinesin to plus end
Which types of cell junctions are found in skin?
adherens junctions, tight junctions, hemidesmosomes, desmosomes
List the following in order from lesser to greater complexity: organs, tissues, and cells.
cells, tissues, organs
True or False: The epidermis is made up of epithelial tissue whereas the dermis is made up primarily of connective tissue.
True
What is not found in plant cells but in animal cells: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
intermediate filaments
Cells with cilia rely mainly on _____ to facilitate their movement.
microtubules
Which type of cellular junction allows for the movement of proteins and transfer of RNA molecules?
plasmodesmata
Cadherins bind to which type of cytoskeletal elements
intermediate filaments and microfilaments
Kinesin and dynein move substances along what?
microtubules
What are microtubules made of
tublin protein
What are microtubule motor proteins and how do they work?
Kinesins move toward the positive pole.
Dyneins move toward the negative pole.
They help animals blend into their enviornment
What are some examples of microtubules?
centrioles and spindle fibers
What is the “9+2” arrangement?
Arrangement of flagella and cilia.
9 fuzed pairs on the outside and a pair of not fuzed microtubule in the middle
What are microfilaments made out of
Actin monomer double helix
What are microfilaments motor proteins and how do they work
Myosin - Actin works with myosin to produce muscle contractions they work by catalyzing ATP into ADP, binds to actin, AADP released causing the microfilaments to slide, myosin head binds to ATP and detaches from actin
What are some examples of microfilaments?
muscle contractions and cytoskeleton
What are intermediate filaments made out of
Intermediate filament proteins
What are some examples of intermediate filaments?
keratin, neurofilaments
There are two main cell adhesion molecules. What are they and what do they connect to?
Cadherins: bind cell to cell (E to E, N to N)
Integrins: bind cells to extracellular matrix (ECM)
Adherens junctions: where found and function
Adhesion Molecule: Cadherin
Intercellular Attachment: Microfilaments
Function: Cell to Cell
Desmosomes: where found and function
Adhesion Molecule: Cadherin
Intercellular Attachment: Intermediate Filaments
Function: Cell to Cell
Tight junctions: where found and function
Function: Epithelial Boundary
Hemidesmosomes: where found and function
Adhesion Molecule: Integrin
Intercellular Attachment: Intermediate Filaments
Function: Cell to ECM
Gap junctions: where found and function
Cell Communication in animals
made of connexons
Plasmodesmata: where found and function
Cell Communication in plants
LARGER THAN GAP JUNCTIONS
What are some examples of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Collagen, fibronectin, laminin
The EMC is a complex mix of proteins and polysaccharides outside the cell. Secreated by many types of cells. Provides the ______ framework for the _______ of plants and animals. Provides ______________ cues
molecular, structure (bones), informational
What are some main functions of microfilaments?
Vesicle transport
cell shape and support
x contraction
cytokinesis
actin form of microvilli
What are some main functions of intermediate filaments?
stabilize STRUCTURE
anchor organelles
cell SHAPE
What are some main functions of microtubules?
cell shape
cilia and flagella
spindles
vesicle transport
Out of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules which has no polarity
intermediate filaments
What is the structure of microfilaments?
Plus and minus end for polarity, 2 strands of twisted actin
What is the structure of intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins coiled into a thicker cable
What is the structure of microtubules
cylinder shell of protein tubulin
Defects in ___________________ make the skin far less resistant to physical stress
intermediate filaments
The __________ gives the nucleus structure
cytoskeleton
Which component has dynamic instability
microtubules
What are three types of movement associated with cells
shape changes, movement of organelles or molecules inside the cell, cell migration
Informational cues in the ECM provide?
Direction for cell migration
Gene Expression changes (cell division)
Cell Shape
What 3 things make up a plant cell wall? (plant EMC)
Fibers, pectin, lignin, cellulose
The cell wall of bacteria is
peptidoglycan
The basal lamina is a specialized foundation for the epithelial tissues. They _____ a structural _______ for the _______ tissues
provide, foundation, epithelial
Tumors within normal tissues upregulate _______ expression and downregulate ______ expression
integrin, cadherin
What makes up animal ECM
Fibrous Proteins
-collagen
-fibronectin
-laminin
-elastin
-proteoglycan
Polysaccharides
Bacteria ECM is apart of what?
The cell wall
Where are animals ECM found
In tissues
ECM Function:
structure for plants and animals
Informational cues (cell signal, directional movement)
What is metastasis?
When cancer cells spread from one part of the body to another
