Chapter 6

Question 1

phototroph vs chemotroph

Answer 1

phototroph gets energy from sun
chemotroph depends on inorganic chemicals for its energy

Question 2

autotroph vs heterotroph

Answer 2

autotroph able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances
heterotroph cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources

Question 3

What is the energy equation

Answer 3

dG = dH - TdS

Question 4

Coupled reactions

Answer 4

reactions that are joined together and are used to push the second reaction with the release of free energy in one reaction

Question 5

free energy levels

Answer 5

Gibbs free energy, the measure of amount of usable energy in a system

Question 6

Endergonic Reaction

Answer 6

energy is used, non-spontaneous, thermodynamically unfavorable

Question 7

Exergonic Reaction

Answer 7

change in free energy is negative, spontaneous, favorable

Question 8

Activation Energy

Answer 8

amount of energy needed to conduct a reaction

Question 9

Endosymbiosis theory

Answer 9

How eukaryotic cells evolved from a prokaryotic cell engulfing another prokaryotic cell.

Question 10

Proof of endosymbiotic theory

Answer 10

Chloroplast and mitochondria have double membranes and have their own DNA

Question 11

Saturation in Enzymes

Answer 11

When all active sites are occupied, the enzyme is saturated

Question 12

path of protein out of a cell

Answer 12

cytosol (SRP) –> RER (lumen) –> Golgi (vesicle) –> Plama Membrane

Question 13

endocytosis

Answer 13

proteins move into a cell

Question 14

exocytosis

Answer 14

proteins move out of a cell

Question 15

Organelles with a double membrane

Answer 15

Mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome

Question 16

signal sequence pathway

Answer 16

SRP binds to end of p.p. and halts translation
SRP binds to RER
Translation begins again in transmembrane channel

Question 17

Endomembrane system organelles

Answer 17

Nuclear Envelope, SER, RER, Golgi, Plasma Membrane, Vesicles

Question 18

What is a Signal Sequence

Answer 18

sequence of Amino Acids in proteins, sometimes they are cleaved

Question 19

potential energy is what kind of transport

Answer 19

secondary active transport

Question 20

In cells, energy transformations are linked to ____ _____ and ____ _____

Answer 20

chemical transformations, molecular movement

Question 21

Why do phosphate groups on ATP have high potential energy

Answer 21

they are negative and want to repel each other

Question 22

catabolic vs anabolic

Answer 22

catabolic- break down
anabolic- build up

Question 23

what are the three domains of life

Answer 23

bacteria, archea, eukarya

Question 24

What is DNA packaged in

Answer 24

chromatin

Question 25

Can cells regulate their own temperature

Answer 25

No

Question 26

What is ATP specifically used for

Answer 26

a substrate for RNA synthesis

Question 27

Based on ATP chemistry, what molecule has similar uses in processes requiting energy

Answer 27

GTP

Question 28

Is salt crystals dissolving in an aqueous solution, more to less entropy or less to more entropy

Answer 28

more to less

Question 29

Why does ADP have less potential energy than ATP?

Answer 29

because ADP only has two phosphate groups

Question 30

A chemical reaction has a slow rate in your experiment. What can you do to speed up the reaction

Answer 30

add more reactants

Question 31

what is the difference between a reversible inhibitor and irreversible inhibitor

Answer 31

irreversible inhibitors form covalent bond while reversible ones do not

Question 32

difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors

Answer 32

non competitive binds to an allosteric site competitive binds to active site

Question 33

can allosteric be both an activator and inhibitor

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

what is entropy

Answer 34

measure of disorder within a system

Question 35

change in free energy (delta G) in a reaction is the difference of the...

Answer 35

products and reactants

Question 36

what is spontaneous + delta G or - delta G

Answer 36

negative

Question 37

In an exergonic reaction, is the products or reactants lower at the end result

Answer 37

products are lower because delta G is favorable and energy is released

Question 38

Does an exergonic or endergonic reaction require energy

Answer 38

endergonic, not favorable, delta G is positive

Question 39

Does - delta s causes a negative or positive delta G? Is this favorable?

Answer 39

positive delta G, no

Question 40

Is a negative delta G catabolic or anabolic and why?

Answer 40

catabolic because breaking down molecules releases energy

Question 41

Is ATP to ADP catabolic or anabolic? Is that favorable? Is that positive or negative delta G and give an example relating to chapter 7

Answer 41

catabolic, yes, negative, respiration

Question 42

Is an overall - delta G endergonic or exergonic

Answer 42

exergonic

Question 43

Are catalysts only proteins?

Answer 43

No, rRNA are also catalysts

Question 44

Does are larger Ea cause a faster or slower reaction

Answer 44

slower, you want to limit activation energy by adding enzymes

Question 45

Where can activation energy come from

Answer 45

Heat or other molecules

Question 46

Enzymes ___ substrate molecules, bringing together the atoms that will bond

Answer 46

orient

Question 47

Increasing substrates will cause what to the rate of reaction

Answer 47

increases until saturation