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z PP1: Cell Bio > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

phototroph vs chemotroph

A

phototroph gets energy from sun
chemotroph depends on inorganic chemicals for its energy

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2
Q

autotroph vs heterotroph

A

autotroph able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances
heterotroph cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources

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3
Q

What is the energy equation

A

dG = dH - TdS

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4
Q

Coupled reactions

A

reactions that are joined together and are used to push the second reaction with the release of free energy in one reaction

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5
Q

free energy levels

A

Gibbs free energy, the measure of amount of usable energy in a system

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6
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

energy is used, non-spontaneous, thermodynamically unfavorable

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7
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

change in free energy is negative, spontaneous, favorable

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8
Q

Activation Energy

A

amount of energy needed to conduct a reaction

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9
Q

Endosymbiosis theory

A

How eukaryotic cells evolved from a prokaryotic cell engulfing another prokaryotic cell.

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10
Q

Proof of endosymbiotic theory

A

Chloroplast and mitochondria have double membranes and have their own DNA

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11
Q

Saturation in Enzymes

A

When all active sites are occupied, the enzyme is saturated

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12
Q

path of protein out of a cell

A

cytosol (SRP) –> RER (lumen) –> Golgi (vesicle) –> Plama Membrane

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13
Q

endocytosis

A

proteins move into a cell

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14
Q

exocytosis

A

proteins move out of a cell

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15
Q

Organelles with a double membrane

A

Mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome

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16
Q

signal sequence pathway

A

SRP binds to end of p.p. and halts translation
SRP binds to RER
Translation begins again in transmembrane channel

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17
Q

Endomembrane system organelles

A

Nuclear Envelope, SER, RER, Golgi, Plasma Membrane, Vesicles

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18
Q

What is a Signal Sequence

A

sequence of Amino Acids in proteins, sometimes they are cleaved

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19
Q

potential energy is what kind of transport

A

secondary active transport

20
Q

In cells, energy transformations are linked to ____ _____ and ____ _____

A

chemical transformations, molecular movement

21
Q

Why do phosphate groups on ATP have high potential energy

A

they are negative and want to repel each other

22
Q

catabolic vs anabolic

A

catabolic- break down
anabolic- build up

23
Q

what are the three domains of life

A

bacteria, archea, eukarya

24
Q

What is DNA packaged in

A

chromatin

25
Q

Can cells regulate their own temperature

A

No

26
Q

What is ATP specifically used for

A

a substrate for RNA synthesis

27
Q

Based on ATP chemistry, what molecule has similar uses in processes requiting energy

A

GTP

28
Q

Is salt crystals dissolving in an aqueous solution, more to less entropy or less to more entropy

A

more to less

29
Q

Why does ADP have less potential energy than ATP?

A

because ADP only has two phosphate groups

30
Q

A chemical reaction has a slow rate in your experiment. What can you do to speed up the reaction

A

add more reactants

31
Q

what is the difference between a reversible inhibitor and irreversible inhibitor

A

irreversible inhibitors form covalent bond while reversible ones do not

32
Q

difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors

A

non competitive binds to an allosteric site
competitive binds to active site

33
Q

can allosteric be both an activator and inhibitor

A

yes

34
Q

what is entropy

A

measure of disorder within a system

35
Q

change in free energy (delta G) in a reaction is the difference of the…

A

products and reactants

36
Q

what is spontaneous + delta G or - delta G

A

negative

37
Q

In an exergonic reaction, is the products or reactants lower at the end result

A

products are lower because delta G is favorable and energy is released

38
Q

Does an exergonic or endergonic reaction require energy

A

endergonic, not favorable, delta G is positive

39
Q

Does - delta s causes a negative or positive delta G? Is this favorable?

A

positive delta G, no

40
Q

Is a negative delta G catabolic or anabolic and why?

A

catabolic because breaking down molecules releases energy

41
Q

Is ATP to ADP catabolic or anabolic? Is that favorable? Is that positive or negative delta G and give an example relating to chapter 7

A

catabolic, yes, negative, respiration

42
Q

Is an overall - delta G endergonic or exergonic

A

exergonic

43
Q

Are catalysts only proteins?

A

No, rRNA are also catalysts

44
Q

Does are larger Ea cause a faster or slower reaction

A

slower, you want to limit activation energy by adding enzymes

45
Q

Where can activation energy come from

A

Heat or other molecules

46
Q

Enzymes ___ substrate molecules, bringing together the atoms that will bond

A

orient

47
Q

Increasing substrates will cause what to the rate of reaction

A

increases until saturation

z PP1: Cell Bio (18 decks)

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