Chapter 6 Flashcards
phototroph vs chemotroph
phototroph gets energy from sun
chemotroph depends on inorganic chemicals for its energy
autotroph vs heterotroph
autotroph able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances
heterotroph cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources
What is the energy equation
dG = dH - TdS
Coupled reactions
reactions that are joined together and are used to push the second reaction with the release of free energy in one reaction
free energy levels
Gibbs free energy, the measure of amount of usable energy in a system
Endergonic Reaction
energy is used, non-spontaneous, thermodynamically unfavorable
Exergonic Reaction
change in free energy is negative, spontaneous, favorable
Activation Energy
amount of energy needed to conduct a reaction
Endosymbiosis theory
How eukaryotic cells evolved from a prokaryotic cell engulfing another prokaryotic cell.
Proof of endosymbiotic theory
Chloroplast and mitochondria have double membranes and have their own DNA
Saturation in Enzymes
When all active sites are occupied, the enzyme is saturated
path of protein out of a cell
cytosol (SRP) –> RER (lumen) –> Golgi (vesicle) –> Plama Membrane
endocytosis
proteins move into a cell
exocytosis
proteins move out of a cell
Organelles with a double membrane
Mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, ribosome
signal sequence pathway
SRP binds to end of p.p. and halts translation
SRP binds to RER
Translation begins again in transmembrane channel
Endomembrane system organelles
Nuclear Envelope, SER, RER, Golgi, Plasma Membrane, Vesicles
What is a Signal Sequence
sequence of Amino Acids in proteins, sometimes they are cleaved
potential energy is what kind of transport
secondary active transport
In cells, energy transformations are linked to ____ _____ and ____ _____
chemical transformations, molecular movement
Why do phosphate groups on ATP have high potential energy
they are negative and want to repel each other
catabolic vs anabolic
catabolic- break down
anabolic- build up
what are the three domains of life
bacteria, archea, eukarya
What is DNA packaged in
chromatin
Can cells regulate their own temperature
No
What is ATP specifically used for
a substrate for RNA synthesis
Based on ATP chemistry, what molecule has similar uses in processes requiting energy
GTP
Is salt crystals dissolving in an aqueous solution, more to less entropy or less to more entropy
more to less
Why does ADP have less potential energy than ATP?
because ADP only has two phosphate groups
A chemical reaction has a slow rate in your experiment. What can you do to speed up the reaction
add more reactants
what is the difference between a reversible inhibitor and irreversible inhibitor
irreversible inhibitors form covalent bond while reversible ones do not
difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors
non competitive binds to an allosteric site
competitive binds to active site
can allosteric be both an activator and inhibitor
yes
what is entropy
measure of disorder within a system
change in free energy (delta G) in a reaction is the difference of the…
products and reactants
what is spontaneous + delta G or - delta G
negative
In an exergonic reaction, is the products or reactants lower at the end result
products are lower because delta G is favorable and energy is released
Does an exergonic or endergonic reaction require energy
endergonic, not favorable, delta G is positive
Does - delta s causes a negative or positive delta G? Is this favorable?
positive delta G, no
Is a negative delta G catabolic or anabolic and why?
catabolic because breaking down molecules releases energy
Is ATP to ADP catabolic or anabolic? Is that favorable? Is that positive or negative delta G and give an example relating to chapter 7
catabolic, yes, negative, respiration
Is an overall - delta G endergonic or exergonic
exergonic
Are catalysts only proteins?
No, rRNA are also catalysts
Does are larger Ea cause a faster or slower reaction
slower, you want to limit activation energy by adding enzymes
Where can activation energy come from
Heat or other molecules
Enzymes ___ substrate molecules, bringing together the atoms that will bond
orient
Increasing substrates will cause what to the rate of reaction
increases until saturation
