Chapter 13 Flashcards
Given our knowledge of genome sizes in different organisms, would you predict that Homo sapiens or the two-toed salamander (Amphiuma means) has the larger genome?
you can not tell, you can not predict size from genomes
What is polyploidy?
possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes, mainly in plants
Organisms that have been modified to contain DNA from other species are known as:
transgenic organisms
The type of genetic engineering that often involves isolating genes from one species and introducing them into another is called _____ technology.
recombinant DNA
Whole genome sequencing is often approached by a shotgun sequencing technique in which large genomes are:
randomly digested, short fragments are sequenced, and the overlapping sequences are assembled in order
In recombinant DNA experiments, ______ is used to cut pieces of DNA, and ______ joins these segments.
a restriction enzyme; DNA ligase
What sequences are longer repeated sequences or sequences obtained by automated sequencing
repeated sequencing
Restriction enzymes recognize certain DNA sequences and some of them will cut straight through, and others will leave an overhang at both ends of the cut.
True
The extrachromosomal DNA often found in bacteria is called a:
plasmid
What is the difference between PCR and Sanger sequencing with regard to the materials needed to perform these reactions?
Dideoxynucleotides are needed in Sanger sequencing but not in PCR.
In gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments migrate toward the negative pole of the electric field.
False, they move towards the positive end
A Southern blot is a technique that relies on hybridization of:
a nucleic acid probe to a complementary DNA.
Where is PCR used?
The lab
Are there more molecules of DNA in the 22 kb band or the 4 kb band on the gel?
Both bands have the same number
Which DNA band on the gel has a higher intensity of fluorescence, the 22 kb band or the 4 kb band?
22 kb
Where do restriction enzymes come from
bacteria
Would the removal of DNA ligase from the DNA replication process block the process of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase?
No
What is a vector
DNA that can carry another DNA of interest and be maintained in bacteria
What is a plasmid
A small circular DNA that naturally occurs in bacteria; it is not essential and is separate from the bacterial genome (extra chromosomal)
The recombinant DNA molecule is introduced into a bacterial cell by means of?
Transformation (add artificial DNA to bacterial)
GMOs are known as ________ organisms because they contain ______ introduced or manipulated DNA known as _________ DNA
transgenic, artificially, transgenic
What is CRISPR
DNA editing on living organisms.
Genome
The genetic material of an organism, organelle, or virus that is transmitted to the next generation
Genome sequence information is used to identify:
open reading frames or coding regions
Regulatory sequences
RNA genes
Other noncoding sequences
Why is only 3% of the human genome encodes for proteins
More intron sequence than things that actually code for proteins
Single-copy genes are _____ repeated
not
Tandem Repeat
a sequence of two or more DNA bases that is repeated numerous times in a head-to-tail manner on a chromosome.
Dispersed repeat
segments of DNA that occur multiple times at more or less random positions in the genome.
Single-Sequence repeat
DNA tracts in which a short base-pair motif is repeated several to many times in tandem
Highly repetitive DNA sequences usually has a very short repeating sequence:
no coding function
major constituent of centromeric DNA
telomeres
Highly repetitive DNA sequences are often referred to as ________ DNA because of its physical properties
satellite
Moderately repetitive sequences code for:
tRNA and rRNA
What are transposons
a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole between things
Histones are ________ charged because DNA is ________ charged from its phosphates
positive, negative
Packaging by histones results in the formation of bead-like?
nucleosomes
What are identifiable sequences in the genome?
Sequence Motif
Sequence Motif defintion
A telltale sequence that indicates what type it is
What is an example of a sequence motif
Open reading frame, pin hair loops, transcription factors
Introns and Exons can be determined by:
comparing genome and mRNA sequences
Do eukaryotes have introns and gene families
No
What are gene families
Groups of structurally and functionally related genes
Duplicated genes provide material for ________
evolution
