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z PP1: Cell Bio > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

An example of a ligand for a cytoplasmic receptor is

A

a steroid

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2
Q

Which type of receptor undergoes a conformational change upon activation

A

all of them do

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3
Q

What is an example of a GPCRs and the role of a second messenger

A

adrenaline

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4
Q

What is an example of receptor kinases

A

growth factors

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5
Q

What is an example of ligand-gated ion channels

A

nervous system

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6
Q

What are the four steps in cell signaling

A

receptor activation, signal transduction, response, termination

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7
Q

When a signal binds to a receptor what happens to the receptor

A

it changes shape, this reaction is reversible/transient

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8
Q

What is an endocrine signal

A

hormone signal to distant cells usually via circulatory system

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9
Q

What is a paracrine signal

A

affects nearby cells

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10
Q

What is an autocrine signal

A

affect the cells that made them

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11
Q

What is a contact-development signal

A

touch to activate

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12
Q

Membrane receptors: location, bind what, example

A

in the plasma membrane, bind polar ligands, insulin

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13
Q

Intracellular receptors: location, bind what, example

A

in the cytoplasm, bind nonpolar ligands that diffuse across the PM, estrogen (lipids)

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14
Q

What is another name for an intracellular receptor

A

cytoplasmic receptor

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15
Q

Caffeine _______ brain activity and _______ adenosine, which _______ brain activities

A

increases, blocks, slows down

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16
Q

Caffeine binds ______ activating the receptor

A

without

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17
Q

Active cells signal ______ the cell causing a ____ response

A

inside, new

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18
Q

What does heterotrimeric mean? What does monomeric mean?

A

3 different subunits
one subunit

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19
Q

How are heterotrimeric G proteins, such as Gα, and
the monomeric G proteins such as Ras different

A

They are structurally different and are activated by different
signaling pathways

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20
Q

G proteins are active when they are bound to

A

GTP

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21
Q

Is the term “G-protein” just a shorter name for a G-protein coupled receptor?

A

No

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22
Q

You strip off any proteins on the cell surface by using a protease. Now when you add a specific signaling molecule, the cell still responds. Why?

A

the receptor is in the interior of the cell

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23
Q

What component of the pathway is not a protein kinase

A

Ras

24
Q

What is a components of the pathway of GTPase

A

Ras

25
Q

In a flight or fight response which molecules are activated by a shape change when adrenaline is present?

A

receptor, protein kinase A

26
Q

Would you expect phosphorylation of glycogen synthase to activate or inactive the enzyme?

A

Inactivate

27
Q

A mutation that inactivates the ability of the receptor to interact with the G protein would?

A

inhibit the fight-or-flight response

28
Q

Suppose a mutation occurred that resulted in the G protein losing its ability to hydrolyze GTP to GDP. How would this mutation affect the fight-or-flight response?

A

It would over-activate the fight-or-flight response

29
Q

In the fight-or-flight signaling pathway, suppose there is a mutation that results in the permanent activation of PKA. How would this mutation affect the response?

A

It would over-activate it

30
Q

Supposed you are a research scientist studying the fight-or-flight response in cultured liver cells. You inject these cells with cAMP. What outcome would you predict?

A

Increased glucose production from glycogen

31
Q

Suppose you are a research scientist studying the fight-or-flight response in cultured liver cells. You inject these cells with adrenaline. What outcome would you predict?

A

No change in glycogen mobilization

32
Q

Which component of the cytoskeleton is the smallest in diameter?

A

Microfilaments

33
Q

GCPRs: bind to, activate what

A

bind to heterotrimeric G proteins
ligand binding to GPCRs activates G proteins

34
Q

Heterotrimeric G proteins (like RAS)

A

Membrane-associated proteins with 3 subunits
Bind GDP (inactive) to GTP (active)

35
Q

Is activated adenylyl cyclase an effectivor

A

yes

36
Q

What is the pathway for GCPRs

A

activated receptor
activate adenylyl cyclase
converts ATP into cAMP which activates kinase A
Kinase A phosphorylates proteins in the heart muscle

37
Q

Is cAMP a first messenger or second messenger

A

Second

38
Q

What is the difference between a first messenger and a second messenger

A

first messenger-ligand signal
second messenger-small, soluble, non-protein molecule, relay the initial signal to target molecules inside the cell

39
Q

Difference between active form and inactive form

A

Active form-interaction and turned on
Inactive form-no interaction, turned off

40
Q

Second messengers:

A

Affect many processes
Amplify signal
Regulate target enzymes

41
Q

What are the four steps in termination?

A

Transient (temp. bound signal)
Devactives itself
Get rid of cAMP
Loses phosphates

42
Q

Ion channel receptors:

A

Channel proteins that allow ions to enter or leave a cell

43
Q

In a ligand-gated channel, how is it activated

A

nerotransmitters

44
Q

What are 3 effects of a signal

A

opening ion channels
changing enzyme activity
differential gene transcription

45
Q

Cell signaling over a long distance is known as:
A. autocrine signaling.
B. paracrine signaling.
C. endocrine signaling.
D. juxtacrine signaling.

A

endocrine signaling

46
Q

How many subunits make up a G protein?
A. three
B. two
C. four
D. The number is variable.

A

three (It is heterotrimeric, meaning that it has three subunits that are all different!)

47
Q

What happens to the alpha subunit of a G protein with GDP attached?
A. It re-assembles with the beta and gamma subunits.
B. It no longer activates an effector protein.
C. It re-associates with the G protein–coupled receptor.
D. All of these answer options are correct.

A

All correct

48
Q

Which one of the following initiates signal termination?
A. the reduction of signal amplification
B. the shut down of transcription
C. the release of signal molecules from their receptors
D. the shut down of translation

A

the release of signal molecules from their receptors

49
Q

Which of the following is characterized by a cell releasing a signal molecule into the
environment, followed by a number of cells in the immediate vicinity responding?
A. juxtacrine signaling
B. autocrine signaling
C. paracrine signaling
D. endocrine signaling

A

paracrine signaling

50
Q

One of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts by forming dimers,
adding phosphate groups, and then activating relay proteins. Which type does this?
A. G protein-coupled receptors
B. ligand-gated ion channels
C. steroid receptors
D. receptor kinases

A

receptor kinases

51
Q

The receptors for a group of signaling molecules known as growth factors are often
A. ligand-gated ion channels.
B. G protein-coupled receptors.
C. receptor kinases.

A

receptor kinases

52
Q

An inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity would have which of the following effects?
A. decrease the amount of cAMP in the cytoplasm
B. block the activation of G proteins in response to epinephrine binding to its receptor
C. prolong the effect by maintaining elevated cAMP levels in the cytoplasm
D. block the activation of protein kinase A

A

prolong the effect by maintaining elevated cAMP levels in the cytoplasm

53
Q

The epithelial cell junctions that, respectively, 1) restrict the extracellular movement of
molecules across an epithelium, 2) maintain tissue integrity and strength, and 3) allow the
passage of small molecules between adjacent cells are:
A. gap junctions, desmosomes, and tight junctions
B. desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions
C. tight junctions, gap junctions, tight junctions
D. gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes
E. tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions

54
Q

Which of the following cell junctions is designed in such a manner to create a “tube”
connecting one cell to the other such as in cardiomyocytes?
A. gap junctions
B. tight junctions
C. desmosomes

A

gap junctions

55
Q

Cadherin is a component of which two types of cell junctions?
A. Adheres junctions
B. Desmosomes
C. Gap junctions
D. B+C
E. A+B

A

A+B

56
Q

What is the difference between a tissue and organ?

A

Cells make tissues and tissues make an organ, and different organs present in the body
make an organ system. The tissue is capable of performing the simple task while organs are
known for operating the complex one.

57
Q

In an ion-gated channel what activates the channel? What breaks down the activator?

A

Acetylcholine
Acetylcholinesterase

z PP1: Cell Bio (18 decks)

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