Chapter 3 and 4 Flashcards
Nucleotide Structure and Bond
5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group linked by phosphodiester bond
DNA structure
deoxyribose, double helix, base in middle, phosphate / hydrogen backbone
RNA structure
ribose sugar, single strand, U instead of T
Hershey - Chase experiment
used experiments by taking viruses and used radioactive material, mixed it with DNA and protein, and centrifuged it
Transcription Process
Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to promoter and separates the DNA strands
Elongation - Template strand of RNA polymerase reads it
Termination - signal that RNA transcript is complete
Promoter
A region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to for transcription takes place
RNA processing
capping at 5’ end, poly (A) tail at 3’ end, splicing to remove introns
pre - mRNA
first form of RNA created through transcription in protein synthesis
mRNA structure
3’ end poly (A) tail, AMP, added after translation
UTRs in mRNA
one at 5’ and 3’ end, help with stability
Primary Structure
linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
Secondary Structure
regions where polypeptide is folded into localized shapes
tertiary structure
overall shape of protein
quaternary structure
occurs when proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain
Chemical bonds in proteins
peptide bond - link amino acids together by joining amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of another
hydrogen bond - form between backbone hydrogens and amide hydroxyls
tRNA structure and function
short nucleotide RNA chain, L-shape structure, translates codon sequences in the mRNA into amino acids, determine genetic code
aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase
Enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto tRNA
genetic code
3-letter combination of codons each with a specific amino acid
polycistronic mRNA
encoder for several proteins that include bacteria and chloroplast mRNA
optical isomer
2 compounds with the same number and kinds of atoms, but with different arrangements
