Chapter 3 and 4

Question 1

Nucleotide Structure and Bond

Answer 1

5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group linked by phosphodiester bond

Question 2

DNA structure

Answer 2

deoxyribose, double helix, base in middle, phosphate / hydrogen backbone

Question 3

RNA structure

Answer 3

ribose sugar, single strand, U instead of T

Question 4

Hershey - Chase experiment

Answer 4

used experiments by taking viruses and used radioactive material, mixed it with DNA and protein, and centrifuged it

Question 5

Transcription Process

Answer 5

Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to promoter and separates the DNA strands
Elongation - Template strand of RNA polymerase reads it
Termination - signal that RNA transcript is complete

Question 6

Promoter

Answer 6

A region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to for transcription takes place

Question 7

RNA processing

Answer 7

capping at 5’ end, poly (A) tail at 3’ end, splicing to remove introns

Question 8

pre - mRNA

Answer 8

first form of RNA created through transcription in protein synthesis

Question 9

mRNA structure

Answer 9

3’ end poly (A) tail, AMP, added after translation

Question 10

UTRs in mRNA

Answer 10

one at 5’ and 3’ end, help with stability

Question 11

Primary Structure

Answer 11

linear sequence of amino acids in a protein

Question 12

Secondary Structure

Answer 12

regions where polypeptide is folded into localized shapes

Question 13

tertiary structure

Answer 13

overall shape of protein

Question 14

quaternary structure

Answer 14

occurs when proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain

Question 15

Chemical bonds in proteins

Answer 15

peptide bond - link amino acids together by joining amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of another
hydrogen bond - form between backbone hydrogens and amide hydroxyls

Question 16

tRNA structure and function

Answer 16

short nucleotide RNA chain, L-shape structure, translates codon sequences in the mRNA into amino acids, determine genetic code

Question 17

aminoacyl - tRNA synthetase

Answer 17

Enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto tRNA

Question 18

genetic code

Answer 18

3-letter combination of codons each with a specific amino acid

Question 19

polycistronic mRNA

Answer 19

encoder for several proteins that include bacteria and chloroplast mRNA

Question 20

optical isomer

Answer 20

2 compounds with the same number and kinds of atoms, but with different arrangements