Chapter 7 Flashcards
What are the 4 process of glucose metabolism
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, CAC and oxidative
phosphorylation
Where do each of the glucose metabolism steps occur
Glycolysis - cytoplasm
Pyruvate Oxidation, CAC - mitochondria matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC) - mitochondria inner membrane
Inputs and Outputs of glycolysis
Input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP, ADP+Pi NAD+
Output: NADH, 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
Inputs and Outputs of pyruvate oxidation
Input: 2 pyruvate, NAD+
Output: 2 Acetyl CoA, NADH, CO2
Inputs and Outputs of citric acid cycle
Input: 2 acetyl coA, NAD+, FAD, ADP+Pi
Output: CO2, NADH, FADH2, 2 ATP
Inputs and Outputs of oxidative phosphorylation
Inputs: ADP+Pi, NADH, FADH2, O2
Outputs: 28 ATP, NAD+, FAD, H2O
What happens if you do not eat?
Then you will not have any energy because you need glucose to survive and produce all the activities in your body
beta-oxidation
catabolism of fatty acids in which 2-carbon fragments are successively removed from the carboxyl end of the chain
What are the two conditions that change the rates of enzymes?
pH and temperature
Isozymes
enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but have different properties, such as optimal temperature
first law of thermodynamics
energy is neither created nor destoryed
second law of thermodynamics
energy converted creates heat energy
Regulation of Enzymes to control the rates of reactions helps maintain internal ______
homeostasis
Is an allosteric inhibitor a positive or negative feedback?
negative
The most common fuel in organisms is ______
glucose
Free energy at the end of a reaction is what kind of reaction
exergonic
Aerobic Respiration
multicellular organisms, waste products H2O and CO2, 32 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
single cell, 2 ATP, waste products are lactic acid or ethanol
The molecule couples the reaction of NAD+ to NADH, what about the reverse?
glucose, oxygen
What donates to O2 to make H2O
electrons
What are the 3 steps of oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain
Energy released from NADH
Energy used to pump protons (H+) into inner membrane space
H+ concentration gradient used to make ATP
What are the 3 steps of oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain
Energy released from NADH
Energy used to pump protons (H+) into inner membrane space
H+ concentration gradient used to make ATP
Does more H+ cause a higher or lower pH
Lower making it acidic in the inter membrane space
What goes through ATP synthase?
protons so that ADP can be made into ATP
In the absence of ___, an artificial __ gradient is sufficient for ___ synthase by mitochondria
ETC, H+, ATP
ATP synthase, acting as an __ channel, is necessary for ___ _______
H+, ATP synthase
What are reused in cellular respiration
NAD+ and FAD
Which processes are substrate level and which processes are oxidative phosphorylation level
Substrate Level = Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation = ETC
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Production of ATP by the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate directly to ADP
Oxidative phosphorylation
Enzymes to oxidize nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate
SRP
enables delivery of proteins for translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum
