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z PP1: Cell Bio > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the important molecules that are reduced or oxidized during
photosynthesis?

A

Water Oxidized to O2
CO2 reduced to C6H12O6

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2
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Inputs: CO2, ATP, and NADH
Outputs: triose phosphate, ADP, NADP+, and sugars.

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3
Q

What are the two ways plants deal with extra light?

A

Create antioxidants, red pigment, detox reactive O2
Xanthophylls, yellow, slow formation of O2 species by converting light to heat

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4
Q

Action spectra

A

Wavelengths that drive photosynthesis

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5
Q

Absorption spectra

A

Wavelengths absorbed or the light that is harvested

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6
Q

Which molecule has the greatest potential energy?

A

NADH

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7
Q

How would you explain the need for fermenting cells to acquire more food than equivalent cells using cellular respiration?

A

The energetic gain by fermentation is relatively small

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8
Q

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is a key allosteric enzyme in the citric acid cycle. What effect do you think a high level of NAD+ has on this enzyme?

A

Enzymatic activity would increase

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9
Q

Why does a plant absorb more wavelengths of light compared to an isolated chlorophyll molecule in a lab

A

because the plant produces accessory pigments

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10
Q

The wavelengths of light emitted by fluorescence is ______ the wavelength of light absorbed by the fluorescing pigment.

A

higher than

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11
Q

Is fluorescence or FRET an example of a chemical reaction

A

no

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12
Q

Most of the chlorophyll in the photosystems is used ______

A

to gather light

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13
Q

What would happen if a plant was exposed to a toxin that made the thylakoid membranes permeable to protons.

A

The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane would be eliminated.

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14
Q

Is the order of NADH, FADH2, ATP the most to least amount of energy sources or the least to most

A

most to least

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15
Q

True or False the electron carriers that are reduced during glycolysis must be reoxidized to take part in glycolysis again

A

True
NADH converts back to NAD+ to be used again

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16
Q

Where does fermentation occur

A

cytosol

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17
Q

What are the products of lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation

A

Lactic Acid, 2 ATP
Ethanol, 2 ATP

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18
Q

Organisms that carry out lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation

A

Lactic acid - animals, microorganisms
Ethanol - yeast, bacteria

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19
Q

What produces more energy than ATP

A

Fats (triglycerides)

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20
Q

Fatty acids are broken down into what?

A

acetyl coA used for beta oxidation

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21
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

two carbons are broken off a fatty acid and made into acetyl coA

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22
Q

What is the breakdown process if we do not eat?

A

glycogen (liver, muscle), fats, proteins

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23
Q

Chemoheterotrophs example and what it does

A

energy by eating
eats to get carbon
humans

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24
Q

Chemoautotrophs example and what it does

A

energy by eating
produces own carbon
heliobacteria

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25
Q

Photoheterotrophs example and what it does

A

energy from sun
eats to get carbon
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

26
Q

Photoautotrophs example and what it does

A

energy from sun
produces own carbon
plants

27
Q

What is a B6F cytochrome

A

pumps electrons from stroma to lumen, apart of the ETC

28
Q

Light Reaction Process

A

Light enters PS2, splits H2O to O2, go through ETC, pumps protons from stroma to lumen, PSI gets light, reduces NADH to NADPH, reduce ATP to ADP

29
Q

Where does the light reaction take place

A

thylakoid membrane

30
Q

oxidation of ____ is needed to start up the ETC

A

H2O

31
Q

Water is the ____________

A

reducing agent

32
Q

The main purpose of the photosynthetic ETC is to convert light energy into ____ and ____

A

ATP, NADPH

33
Q

_________ absorbs light energy and supplies electrons at the beginning of the ETC

A

chlorophyll in PS2

34
Q

Electrons come from _____, and _____ is released

A

water, oxygen

35
Q

What is oxidized and what is reduced: PS1, PS2

A

PS1 is reduced
PS2 is oxidized

36
Q

What is the final electron acceptor

A

NADP+

37
Q

The oxidation of water releases ____ into the lumen

A

H+

38
Q

Cytochrome B6F acts as a __________

A

proton pump

39
Q

What drives the synthesis of ATP

A

Electrochemical gradient

40
Q

What is the cause for plants structure?

A

CO2

41
Q

Is the excited state more or less reactive than the ground state

A

more

42
Q

Energy from _____ boosts an electron into another shell

A

photon

43
Q

Accessory Pigments

A

plants use to increase access to wavelengths of visible light that chlorophylls can’t absorb.

44
Q

Excitation energy is passed between pigments and ends up in the _________ pigment

A

reaction center

45
Q

Z-Scheme

A

energy diagram for electron transfer in the “light reactions” of plant photosynthesis

46
Q

The main purpose of the cavin cycle is to do what?

A

Reduce CO2 into sugar

47
Q

What are the three main steps of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Carboxylation, reduction, regeneration

48
Q

In carboxylation CO2 is added to sugar called

A

RuBP

49
Q

Carboxylation is catalyzed by the enzyme

A

rubisco

50
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

metabolic pathway that releases carbon dioxide and consumes oxygen, bad for plants

51
Q

________ is the reducing agent of the Calvin cycle

A

NADPH + ATP

52
Q

Reduction transfers the energy and electrons that allow _____ to be synthesized from CO2

A

G3P

53
Q

ATP is required in order to ____________

A

phosphorlyate

54
Q

Carbohydrates are made during what stage in the Calvin Cycle

A

reduction

55
Q

The regeneration of _____ requires ______

A

RuBP, ATP

56
Q

What are two restrictions of extra light in the Calvin cycle

A

-proton pumping into thylakoids increases the stroma pH which favors the activation rubisco
-electron flow from photosystem 1 reduces disulfide bonds to activate Calvin cycle enzymes

57
Q

What is the problem with cyclic electron transport?

A

Run out of ATP to make ADP

58
Q

What is the function of water?

A

splits from the energy of sunlight into O2 and H ios which create an ion gradinent

59
Q

Where is the proton gradient found

A

Lumen

60
Q

What is the difference between cyclic and noncyclic electron transport

A

Non - NADPH and ATP are the products
Cyclic - ATP is the only product

61
Q

What happens when there are reactive oxygen species produced in the plant

A

Photorespiration

62
Q

What step does ethanol fermentation have that lactic acid fermentation does not?

A

pyruvate converted to acetaldehyde

z PP1: Cell Bio (18 decks)

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