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z PP1: Cell Bio > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What four events must occur for cell division

A

Reproductive Signal: initiate cell division
Replication: DNA replication and cell growth
Segregation: Distribute DNA into two cells
Cytokinesis: Separation of the new cells

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2
Q

What reproduction do prokaryotes use

A

binary fission

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3
Q

How are prokaryotes DNA usually found
How are eukaryotes DNA found

A

Pro: circular
Euk: linear

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4
Q

What two external factors initiate cell division

A

nutrient concentration
environmental conditions

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5
Q

What are interphases three subphases

A

G1: between mitosis and S phase
S phase: DNA replicates
G2: after S and before mitosis

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6
Q

Sister Chromatids definition

A

two identical molecules of DNA double helix that make up a chromosome

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7
Q

Why is DNA packaged tightly

A

So they do not separate and get tangled (spools of thread)

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8
Q

Sister chromatids are held together by what

A

COHESIN

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9
Q

Removal of what will have mitosis move forward

A

COHESIN

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10
Q

What are microtubules made out of?

A

two centrioles
microtubule organizing centers
spindle radiates outward

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11
Q

Mitosis is ________, but 5 stages have been named to characterize the process

A

continuous

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12
Q

What are the 5 stages in mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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13
Q

What happens during prophase

A

chromosomes compact/coil becoming visible (packaging)
microtubules form between the centrosomes to make the spindle
kinetochores develop in the centromere regions

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14
Q

What happens during prometaphase

A

nuclear envelop breaks down
chromosomes attach to the kinetochore microtubules (extend from centrosomes to attach to chromosomes)

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15
Q

What happens during metaphase

A

chromosomes lined up at the middle of the cell (NOT PAIRED)

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16
Q

What happens during anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the spindle–referred to as “daughter” chromosomes

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17
Q

What causes the moval of chromosomes toward their sides

A

microtubules shortening

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18
Q

What happens during telophase

A

chromosomes finish moving and uncoil
spindle breaks down
the nuclear envelope is reformed

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19
Q

What motor proteins are the cause of the contraction of the ring

A

actin and myosin (in cytokinesis)

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20
Q

In cytokinesis, other organelles segregate _______; no special mechanism

A

randomly

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21
Q

What is the cause for plant cells to divide

A

New cell wall fuzing

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22
Q

Somatic cell definition

A

body cells not specialized for reproduction

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23
Q

Germ cell definition

A

make the gametes (haploid cells)

24
Q

How do homologous pairs differ from one another

A

they have different allels

25
Q

What is another word for tetrad

A

bivalent (4 chromatids)

26
Q

Chromosome homologs are held together at ________ that forms between non-sister chromatids

A

chiasmata (crossing over)

27
Q

The number of chromosomes at the equatorial plate in ________ is ____ the number of those in mitosis

A

Meiosis II, half

28
Q

Where does independent assortment occur in meiosis

A

anaphase I (random segregation of homologous pairs)

29
Q

What are polar bodies?

A

They are female gametes that do not turn into functional products/eggs

30
Q

In mitosis what is the only stage in which there is not 46 chromosomes

A

anaphase

31
Q

What are the main differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis: one somatic division, cytokinesis at the end of telophase, 2 cells produced, genetic clones

Meiosis: two cell divisions, cytokinesis at end of telophase I and II, 4 haploid cells produced, genetic recombination and diversity, chromatids do not separate during anaphase I

32
Q

Crossing over definition and when does it occur

A

homologs cross over to exchange genetic material

prophase I

33
Q

Independent assortment definition and when does it occur

A

homologs randomly line up during anaphase I

34
Q

What are growth factors?

A

external chemical signals that stimulate cells to divide

35
Q

Experiment: A cell in S phase contains an activator of DNA replication. A cell in S phase is combined with a cell in G1 phase. What are the results and conclusion?

A

The fuzed cell has two nuclei. The S phase cell produces a substance that diffuses to the G1 nucleus and activates DNA replication

36
Q

Are CDKs always present in the cells

A

yes

37
Q

A kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes _____________. Cdks are activated by binding to _______.

A

phosphorylation, cyclins (goes up and down in concentration during the cell cycle)

38
Q

What are the two outcomes when a checkpoint is activated

A

repair or cell death

39
Q

DNA damage activates protein kinases that ___________ p53.

A

phorphorylates

40
Q

phosphorylated p53 acts as a ____________ that turns on genes that inhibit the cell cycle

A

transcription factor

41
Q

___________ the cell cycle gives the cell time to repair the damaged DNA

A

inhibiting

42
Q

When fixed p53 is ________ and processes move _____

A

shut down, on

43
Q

p53 is only activated when _____

A

phosphorylated

44
Q

Definition of oncogene and proto-oncogene

A

oncogene: mutated form of a gene that promotes cancer

proto-oncogene: the unaltered verision of an oncogene

45
Q

oncogenes play a role in ______ cancer. Cancer ___ usually caused by _____, but by chemical agents instead

A

human, not, viruses

46
Q

Definition of tumor suppressor

A

proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell division

47
Q

Necrosis causes cells to swell and burst. This leads to _______ because cell contents are released to the extracellular environment

A

inflamation

48
Q

Events of apoptosis:

A

cells are cut up, form blebs, surrounding cells eat the dead cells (this limits inflammation)

49
Q

What are caspases

A

proteolytic (protein breakdown) enzymes, their role in controlling cell death and inflammation

50
Q

The removal of growth factors equals

A

cell death

51
Q

Mutational activated RAS is an example of

A

an oncogene

52
Q

A cell dies in apoptosis because

A

it is programmed to die

53
Q

A mutation acquired by a bacterium will very likely be inherited by all daughter cells

A

true

54
Q

What DNA sequences are most alike

A

a pair of sister chromatids

55
Q

A skin cell in G2 of interphase has _______ as much DNA as it had in G1

A

twice

56
Q

What would happen during cell division if the cell was deficient in actin?

A

the cell would not divide

57
Q

Synapsis occurs during

A

prophase I of meiosis

z PP1: Cell Bio (18 decks)

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