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z PP1: Cell Bio > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What complex regulates the cell cycle? What is the cyclical molecule?

A

cyclin-CDK complex regulates the cell cycle, it is not active unless it is bound to cyclin, but it is always present in the cell

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2
Q

How many checkpoints are there? Between what stages in the cell cycle are they found?

A

G1 checkpoint (DNA damage)
G2 checkpoint (growth factor)
Spindle Assembly checkpoint (spindles are attached for chromosomes)

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3
Q

A patient has cancer. It is targeted that he has a mutation in the p53 gene. Why would a mutation in this gene cause cancer?

A

DNA damages activate and phosphorylate p53, inhibiting the cell cycle, p53 is a tumor suppressor so when p53 is mutated cell growth continues.

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4
Q

What are the two genes that regulate the cell cycle?

A

Proto-oncogenes: drive the cell cycle
Tumor suppressor cells: inhibit the cell cycle

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5
Q

Ras is an example of _________

A

proto-oncogene

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6
Q

Metastasis definition

A

cancer cells that migrate through the bloodstream and spread to other parts of the body

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7
Q

What is the multiple-mutation model?

A

It shows how multiple mutations can accumulate and cause metastatic cancer.

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8
Q

There are two ways in which cell death can occur. Name and describe them.

A

Apoptosis - programmed cell death
Necrosis - occurs when a cell is damaged or starved for oxygen or nutrients

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9
Q

Why do restriction enzymes exist?

A

Restriction enzymes exist to protect bacterial cells from phages. Bacteria that carry restriction enzymes methylate their DNA at sites that correspond to the restriction enzyme recognition site.

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10
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

an enzyme produced by bacteria, cleave DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

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11
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the addition of new nucleotides to a growing DNA strand is:

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

As a piece of linear DNA is replicated, the leading strand will have _____ RNA primer(s) and the lagging strand will have _____ RNA primer(s).

A

one, many

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13
Q

Telomerase is fully active in _____ and _____ cells, but almost completely inactive in _____ cells.

A

germ, stem, somatic

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14
Q

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to generate:

A

multiple copies of a targeted region of DNA

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15
Q

Each end of a eukaryotic chromosome is capped by a repeating DNA sequence called the telomere.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the correct order of steps during PCR?

A

denaturation, annealing, extension

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17
Q

In a long DNA molecule, each origin of replication produces a _____ with a _____ on each side

A

replication bubble, replication fork

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18
Q

The enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments together during DNA replication is:

A

DNA ligase

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19
Q

What would occur after one generation if DNA replication were conservative

A

equal amounts of heavy and light DNA

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20
Q

What would occur after one generation if DNA replication was dispersive?

A

DNA of intermediate intensity

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21
Q

What would occur after two generations if DNA replication were dispersive?

A

DNA of intermediate intensity

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22
Q

What are the two basic steps of DNA replication?

A

Double helix unwind
Nucleotides Added

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23
Q

What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands?

A

The lagging strand has multiple primers and replicate in fragments

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24
Q

What replaces the primers with DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

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25
Q

What happens if one of the pairs is incorrectly matched?

A

DNA polymerase proofreads and fixes it (Exonucleus Activity)

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26
Q

Helicase

A

Use energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind the DNA, creating replication fork

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27
Q

Ligase

A

replaces primers with DNA, DNA repair, phosphodiester linkage

28
Q

Primase

A

synthesizes primer, adds RNA primer

29
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Adds a nucleotide to a growing strand, proofread, removes primers

30
Q

Topoisomerase

A

Relieves stress

31
Q

Telomerase

A

Adds telomere sequences to the ends of chromosomes, prevent strands from shortening

32
Q

Single-Stranded Binding Proteins

A

keeps the strands from getting back together

33
Q

Where does replication start

A

Ori

34
Q

What 4 things does the PCR technique require?

A

DNA template, nucleotide, polymerase TAQ, 2 primers

35
Q

PCR results in many copies of the DNA. What is this called?

A

Amplification

36
Q

What are the three steps in PCR?

A

Denaturation, Annealing, Elongation

37
Q

Who showed that semiconservative replication was the correct model

A

Meselson and Stahl

38
Q

What was DNA labeled within the Meselson and Stahl experiment?

A

15N and 14N (15N made the DNA denser)

39
Q

DNA polymerase needs a _____ in order to latch on to the strand

A

primer

40
Q

The primer is ______________ to the DNA template

A

complementary

41
Q

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the ___ end of the primer

A

3’

42
Q

Synthesis of the lagging strand occurs in small, discontinuous stretches called what?

A

Okazaki fragments

43
Q

The final phosphodiester linkage between fragments is catalyzed by ________________

A

DNA ligase

44
Q

What kind of bond does DNA ligase add to join fragments

A

covalent

45
Q

__________________________ proteins bind to the ori DNA to start replication

A

Replication Complex

46
Q

Eukaryote chromosomes have repetitive sequences at the ends called

A

telomeres (they prolong cell division)

47
Q

Copies of DNA sequences can be made by ______ technique

A

PCR

48
Q

PCR: DNA template fragments are denatured into single strands by ______. Primers ______ to the DNA strands. New DNA strands are synthesized by DNA polymerase using ______.

A

Heating, anneal, dNTPs

49
Q

Complementary DNA primers are 18-20 bp:

A

made in the lab using fragment DNA sequence information

50
Q

Does TAQ denature at high temps

A

no

51
Q

Gel electrophoresis provides information on what 3 things

A

number of different sized fragments, sizes of DNA fragments, concentration of DNA

52
Q

Bacteria use __________________ to cleave virus DNA at specific sequences into smaller noninfectious fragments

A

restriction enzymes

53
Q

To protect bacteria cell DNA: __________ add methyl groups to restriction sites on the cell’s own DNA

A

methylases

54
Q

The restriction enzymes passes over the ___________ sequence on bacterial DNA but cuts the ____________ viral DNA

A

methylated, unmethylated

55
Q

____________ groups protect DNA

A

methyl

56
Q

Restriction Enzymes _____ DNA at specific DNA sequences

A

cleave

57
Q

Resitrction sites are usually what?

A

palindromic (same backward or forward)

58
Q

Splicing to make recombinant DNA: Overhangs are known as ________

A

sticky ends

59
Q

Southern Blotting

A

Technique used to detect specific DNA sequences in DNA sequencing

60
Q

What are dideoxynucleotides?

A

Dideoxynucleotides are chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, used in the Sanger method for DNA sequencing

61
Q

When you mix dideoxynucleotides and deoxynucleotides what happens

A

you will get a random mix of every length because ddNTPs stop the chain

62
Q

How are the different lengths of the Sanger Method distinguished?

A

By the different color codings on the DNA strands

63
Q

How are the Sanger Method pieces arranged

A

shortest to longest

64
Q

The whole genome shotgun sequencing needs what?

A

A computer to find the overlaps and pair them up

65
Q

What way do you read DNA? What way do you synthesize DNA?

A

Read 3’ to 5’
Synthesize 5’ to 3’

66
Q

Sticky ends are used for

A

recombinant DNA

z PP1: Cell Bio (18 decks)

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