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z PP1: Cell Bio > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What complex regulates the cell cycle? What is the cyclical molecule?

A

cyclin-CDK complex regulates the cell cycle, it is not active unless it is bound to cyclin, but it is always present in the cell

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2
Q

How many checkpoints are there? Between what stages in the cell cycle are they found?

A

G1 checkpoint (DNA damage)
G2 checkpoint (growth factor)
Spindle Assembly checkpoint (spindles are attached for chromosomes)

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3
Q

A patient has cancer. It is targeted that he has a mutation in the p53 gene. Why would a mutation in this gene cause cancer?

A

DNA damages activate and phosphorylate p53, inhibiting the cell cycle, p53 is a tumor suppressor so when p53 is mutated cell growth continues.

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4
Q

What are the two genes that regulate the cell cycle?

A

Proto-oncogenes: drive the cell cycle
Tumor suppressor cells: inhibit the cell cycle

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5
Q

Ras is an example of _________

A

proto-oncogene

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6
Q

Metastasis definition

A

cancer cells that migrate through the bloodstream and spread to other parts of the body

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7
Q

What is the multiple-mutation model?

A

It shows how multiple mutations can accumulate and cause metastatic cancer.

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8
Q

There are two ways in which cell death can occur. Name and describe them.

A

Apoptosis - programmed cell death
Necrosis - occurs when a cell is damaged or starved for oxygen or nutrients

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9
Q

Why do restriction enzymes exist?

A

Restriction enzymes exist to protect bacterial cells from phages. Bacteria that carry restriction enzymes methylate their DNA at sites that correspond to the restriction enzyme recognition site.

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10
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

an enzyme produced by bacteria, cleave DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

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11
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the addition of new nucleotides to a growing DNA strand is:

A

DNA polymerase

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12
Q

As a piece of linear DNA is replicated, the leading strand will have _____ RNA primer(s) and the lagging strand will have _____ RNA primer(s).

A

one, many

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13
Q

Telomerase is fully active in _____ and _____ cells, but almost completely inactive in _____ cells.

A

germ, stem, somatic

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14
Q

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to generate:

A

multiple copies of a targeted region of DNA

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15
Q

Each end of a eukaryotic chromosome is capped by a repeating DNA sequence called the telomere.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the correct order of steps during PCR?

A

denaturation, annealing, extension

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17
Q

In a long DNA molecule, each origin of replication produces a _____ with a _____ on each side

A

replication bubble, replication fork

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18
Q

The enzyme responsible for joining Okazaki fragments together during DNA replication is:

A

DNA ligase

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19
Q

What would occur after one generation if DNA replication were conservative

A

equal amounts of heavy and light DNA

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20
Q

What would occur after one generation if DNA replication was dispersive?

A

DNA of intermediate intensity

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21
Q

What would occur after two generations if DNA replication were dispersive?

A

DNA of intermediate intensity

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22
Q

What are the two basic steps of DNA replication?

A

Double helix unwind
Nucleotides Added

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23
Q

What is the main difference between the leading and lagging strands?

A

The lagging strand has multiple primers and replicate in fragments

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24
Q

What replaces the primers with DNA?

A

DNA polymerase

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25
What happens if one of the pairs is incorrectly matched?
DNA polymerase proofreads and fixes it (Exonucleus Activity)
26
Helicase
Use energy from ATP hydrolysis to unwind the DNA, creating replication fork
27
Ligase
replaces primers with DNA, DNA repair, phosphodiester linkage
28
Primase
synthesizes primer, adds RNA primer
29
DNA polymerase
Adds a nucleotide to a growing strand, proofread, removes primers
30
Topoisomerase
Relieves stress
31
Telomerase
Adds telomere sequences to the ends of chromosomes, prevent strands from shortening
32
Single-Stranded Binding Proteins
keeps the strands from getting back together
33
Where does replication start
Ori
34
What 4 things does the PCR technique require?
DNA template, nucleotide, polymerase TAQ, 2 primers
35
PCR results in many copies of the DNA. What is this called?
Amplification
36
What are the three steps in PCR?
Denaturation, Annealing, Elongation
37
Who showed that semiconservative replication was the correct model
Meselson and Stahl
38
What was DNA labeled within the Meselson and Stahl experiment?
15N and 14N (15N made the DNA denser)
39
DNA polymerase needs a _____ in order to latch on to the strand
primer
40
The primer is ______________ to the DNA template
complementary
41
DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the ___ end of the primer
3'
42
Synthesis of the lagging strand occurs in small, discontinuous stretches called what?
Okazaki fragments
43
The final phosphodiester linkage between fragments is catalyzed by ________________
DNA ligase
44
What kind of bond does DNA ligase add to join fragments
covalent
45
__________________________ proteins bind to the ori DNA to start replication
Replication Complex
46
Eukaryote chromosomes have repetitive sequences at the ends called
telomeres (they prolong cell division)
47
Copies of DNA sequences can be made by ______ technique
PCR
48
PCR: DNA template fragments are denatured into single strands by ______. Primers ______ to the DNA strands. New DNA strands are synthesized by DNA polymerase using ______.
Heating, anneal, dNTPs
49
Complementary DNA primers are 18-20 bp:
made in the lab using fragment DNA sequence information
50
Does TAQ denature at high temps
no
51
Gel electrophoresis provides information on what 3 things
number of different sized fragments, sizes of DNA fragments, concentration of DNA
52
Bacteria use __________________ to cleave virus DNA at specific sequences into smaller noninfectious fragments
restriction enzymes
53
To protect bacteria cell DNA: __________ add methyl groups to restriction sites on the cell's own DNA
methylases
54
The restriction enzymes passes over the ___________ sequence on bacterial DNA but cuts the ____________ viral DNA
methylated, unmethylated
55
____________ groups protect DNA
methyl
56
Restriction Enzymes _____ DNA at specific DNA sequences
cleave
57
Resitrction sites are usually what?
palindromic (same backward or forward)
58
Splicing to make recombinant DNA: Overhangs are known as ________
sticky ends
59
Southern Blotting
Technique used to detect specific DNA sequences in DNA sequencing
60
What are dideoxynucleotides?
Dideoxynucleotides are chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase, used in the Sanger method for DNA sequencing
61
When you mix dideoxynucleotides and deoxynucleotides what happens
you will get a random mix of every length because ddNTPs stop the chain
62
How are the different lengths of the Sanger Method distinguished?
By the different color codings on the DNA strands
63
How are the Sanger Method pieces arranged
shortest to longest
64
The whole genome shotgun sequencing needs what?
A computer to find the overlaps and pair them up
65
What way do you read DNA? What way do you synthesize DNA?
Read 3' to 5' Synthesize 5' to 3'
66
Sticky ends are used for
recombinant DNA

z PP1: Cell Bio (18 decks)

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