Chapter 15 and 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a test cross? Who discovered it?

A

an experimental cross with a homozygous recessive genotype
Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

What is epistasis

A

a circumstance where the expression of one gene is modified by the expression of other genes

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3
Q

Penetrance

A

the likelihood that a clinical condition will occur when a particular genotype is present

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4
Q

Blending Inheritance

A

the expression in offspring of phenotypic characters intermediates between those of the parents.

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5
Q

What does monohybrid mean

A

One characteristic, combined two traits

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6
Q

What is the particulate theory

A

Heritable units were discrete particles (genes)

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7
Q

What is the law of segregation

A

each individual carries two alleles, which separate equally when an individual makes gametes

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8
Q

What is the law of independent assortment

A

Alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation

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9
Q

What are two assumptions about inheritance

A

Each parent contributes equally
Hereditary determinants can blend

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10
Q

What is the difference between a character trait and a heritable trait?

A

Character trait - Characteristic of an individual
Heritable Trait - passed from parent to offspring

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11
Q

What is true breeding

A

observed trait that is the only one present for many generations (pure bred dogs)

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12
Q

Pleiotropy refers to:

A

a single gene having multiple effects

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13
Q

What is an autosome

A

Non sex chromosomes

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14
Q

Nondisjunction in meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes fail to separate I
Chromatids Fail to separate II
Results in Aneuploidy

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15
Q

Aneuploidy vs Polyploidy

A

Aneuploidy - single extra or less chromosome
Polyploidy - extra set of chromosomes

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16
Q

What does hemizygous mean

A

males have one copy of genes on the X chromosome

17
Q

What are recombinant frequencies

A

They are greater for loci that are farther apart, they are how crossing over combine

18
Q

What are genetic maps

A

they show the arrangement of genes along a chromosome

19
Q

Map units are ____

A

additive

20
Q

What is a haplotype

A

A unique combination of alleles that are inherited together

21
Q

For the relationship between the number of genes and their effect on complex traits. Most of the genes affecting the trait have _______ effects

A

small