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z PP1: Cell Bio > Combined Review > Flashcards

Combined Review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Transcription Process

A

Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to promoter and separates the DNA strands
Elongation - Template strand of RNA polymerase reads it
Termination - signal that RNA transcript is complete

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2
Q

What is transfection?

A

Genetic information of eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Denatured or newly synthesized proteins can sometimes bind to other molecules inappropriately ________ help prevent this

A

Chaperone Proteins

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4
Q

Protein Transport

A

Proteins are transported in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus,

They can be sent to the lysosomes, plasma membrane, or secreted

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5
Q

What is an autophagy?

A

worn out / damaged cellular component

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6
Q

path of protein out of a cell

A

cytosol (SRP) –> RER (lumen) –> Golgi (vesicle) –> Plama Membrane

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7
Q

signal sequence pathway

A

SRP binds to end of p.p. and halts translation
SRP binds to RER
Translation begins again in transmembrane channel

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8
Q

In carboxylation CO2 is added to sugar called

A

RuBP

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9
Q

Carboxylation is catalyzed by the enzyme

A

rubisco

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10
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

metabolic pathway that releases carbon dioxide and consumes oxygen, bad for plants

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11
Q

Reduction transfers the energy and electrons that allow _____ to be synthesized from CO2

A

G3P

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12
Q

An example of a ligand for a cytoplasmic receptor is

A

a steroid

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13
Q

What is an example of a GPCRs and the role of a second messenger

A

adrenaline

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14
Q

What is an example of receptor kinases

A

growth factors

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15
Q

What is an example of ligand-gated ion channels

A

nervous system

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16
Q

Membrane receptors: location, bind what, example

A

in the plasma membrane, bind polar ligands, insulin

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17
Q

Intracellular receptors: location, bind what, example

A

in the cytoplasm, bind nonpolar ligands that diffuse across the PM, estrogen (lipids)

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18
Q

What is another name for an intracellular receptor

A

cytoplasmic receptor

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19
Q

Which component of the cytoskeleton is the smallest in diameter?

A

Microfilaments

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20
Q

GCPRs: bind to, activate what

A

bind to heterotrimeric G proteins
ligand binding to GPCRs activates G proteins

21
Q

What is the pathway for GCPRs

A

activated receptor
activate adenylyl cyclase
converts ATP into cAMP which activates kinase A
Kinase A phosphorylates proteins in the heart muscle

22
Q

In a ligand-gated channel, how is it activated

A

nerotransmitters

23
Q

What is not found in plant cells but in animal cells: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

A

intermediate filaments

24
Q

Cells with cilia rely mainly on _____ to facilitate their movement.

A

microtubules

25
Q

Cadherins bind to which type of cytoskeletal elements

A

intermediate filaments and microfilaments

26
Q

what are microtubules made of

A

tublin proteins

27
Q

What are microtubule motor proteins and how do they work?

A

Kinesins move toward the positive pole.
Dyneins move toward the negative pole.
They help animals blend into their enviornment

28
Q

What are some examples of microtubules?

A

centrioles and spindle fibers

29
Q

What are microfilaments made out of

A

Actin monomer double helix

30
Q

What are microfilaments motor proteins and how do they work

A

Myosin - muscle contractions

31
Q

What are some examples of microfilaments?

A

muscle contractions and cytoskeleton

32
Q

What are some examples of intermediate filaments?

A

keratin, neurofilaments

33
Q

Adherens junctions: where found and function

A

Adhesion Molecule: Cadherin
Intercellular Attachment: Microfilaments
Function: Cell to Cell

34
Q

Desmosomes: where found and function

A

Adhesion Molecule: Cadherin
Intercellular Attachment: Intermediate Filaments
Function: Cell to Cell

35
Q

Tight junctions: function

A

epithelial boundary

36
Q

Hemidesmosomes: where found and function

A

Adhesion Molecule: Integrin
Intercellular Attachment: Intermediate Filaments
Function: Cell to ECM

37
Q

Gap junctions: where found and function

A

Cell Communication in animals
made of connexons

38
Q

Plasmodesmata: where found and function

A

Cell Communication in plants
LARGER THAN GAP JUNCTIONS

39
Q

What are some examples of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

Collagen, fibronectin, laminin

40
Q

What are some main functions of microfilaments?

A

Vesicle transport
muscle contraction
cytokinesis

41
Q

What are some main functions of intermediate filaments?

A

stabilize STRUCTURE
anchor organelles
cell SHAPE

42
Q

What are some main functions of microtubules?

A

cilia and flagella
spindles
vesicle transport

43
Q

Out of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules which has no polarity

A

intermediate filaments

44
Q

What is the structure of microfilaments?

A

Plus and minus end for polarity, 2 strands of twisted actin

45
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments

A

fibrous proteins coiled into a thicker cable

46
Q

What is the structure of microtubules

A

cylinder shell of protein tubulin

47
Q

What 3 things make up a plant cell wall? (plant EMC)

A

Fibers, pectin, lignin, cellulose

48
Q

What 4 things does the PCR technique require?

A

DNA template, nucleotide, polymerase TAQ, 2 primers

z PP1: Cell Bio (18 decks)

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