Combined Review

Question 1

Transcription Process

Answer 1

Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to promoter and separates the DNA strands
Elongation - Template strand of RNA polymerase reads it
Termination - signal that RNA transcript is complete

Question 2

What is transfection?

Answer 2

Genetic information of eukaryotic cells

Question 3

Denatured or newly synthesized proteins can sometimes bind to other molecules inappropriately ________ help prevent this

Answer 3

Chaperone Proteins

Question 4

Protein Transport

Answer 4

Proteins are transported in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus,

They can be sent to the lysosomes, plasma membrane, or secreted

Question 5

What is an autophagy?

Answer 5

worn out / damaged cellular component

Question 6

path of protein out of a cell

Answer 6

cytosol (SRP) –> RER (lumen) –> Golgi (vesicle) –> Plama Membrane

Question 7

signal sequence pathway

Answer 7

SRP binds to end of p.p. and halts translation
SRP binds to RER
Translation begins again in transmembrane channel

Question 8

In carboxylation CO2 is added to sugar called

Answer 8

RuBP

Question 9

Carboxylation is catalyzed by the enzyme

Answer 9

rubisco

Question 10

What is photorespiration?

Answer 10

metabolic pathway that releases carbon dioxide and consumes oxygen, bad for plants

Question 11

Reduction transfers the energy and electrons that allow _____ to be synthesized from CO2

Answer 11

G3P

Question 12

An example of a ligand for a cytoplasmic receptor is

Answer 12

a steroid

Question 13

What is an example of a GPCRs and the role of a second messenger

Answer 13

adrenaline

Question 14

What is an example of receptor kinases

Answer 14

growth factors

Question 15

What is an example of ligand-gated ion channels

Answer 15

nervous system

Question 16

Membrane receptors: location, bind what, example

Answer 16

in the plasma membrane, bind polar ligands, insulin

Question 17

Intracellular receptors: location, bind what, example

Answer 17

in the cytoplasm, bind nonpolar ligands that diffuse across the PM, estrogen (lipids)

Question 18

What is another name for an intracellular receptor

Answer 18

cytoplasmic receptor

Question 19

Which component of the cytoskeleton is the smallest in diameter?

Answer 19

Microfilaments

Question 20

GCPRs: bind to, activate what

Answer 20

bind to heterotrimeric G proteins
ligand binding to GPCRs activates G proteins

Question 21

What is the pathway for GCPRs

Answer 21

activated receptor
activate adenylyl cyclase
converts ATP into cAMP which activates kinase A
Kinase A phosphorylates proteins in the heart muscle

Question 22

In a ligand-gated channel, how is it activated

Answer 22

nerotransmitters

Question 23

What is not found in plant cells but in animal cells: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

Answer 23

intermediate filaments

Question 24

Cells with cilia rely mainly on _____ to facilitate their movement.

Answer 24

microtubules

Question 25

Cadherins bind to which type of cytoskeletal elements

Answer 25

intermediate filaments and microfilaments

Question 26

what are microtubules made of

Answer 26

tublin proteins

Question 27

What are microtubule motor proteins and how do they work?

Answer 27

Kinesins move toward the positive pole. Dyneins move toward the negative pole. They help animals blend into their enviornment

Question 28

What are some examples of microtubules?

Answer 28

centrioles and spindle fibers

Question 29

What are microfilaments made out of

Answer 29

Actin monomer double helix

Question 30

What are microfilaments motor proteins and how do they work

Answer 30

Myosin - muscle contractions

Question 31

What are some examples of microfilaments?

Answer 31

muscle contractions and cytoskeleton

Question 32

What are some examples of intermediate filaments?

Answer 32

keratin, neurofilaments

Question 33

Adherens junctions: where found and function

Answer 33

Adhesion Molecule: Cadherin Intercellular Attachment: Microfilaments Function: Cell to Cell

Question 34

Desmosomes: where found and function

Answer 34

Adhesion Molecule: Cadherin Intercellular Attachment: Intermediate Filaments Function: Cell to Cell

Question 35

Tight junctions: function

Answer 35

epithelial boundary

Question 36

Hemidesmosomes: where found and function

Answer 36

Adhesion Molecule: Integrin Intercellular Attachment: Intermediate Filaments Function: Cell to ECM

Question 37

Gap junctions: where found and function

Answer 37

Cell Communication in animals made of connexons

Question 38

Plasmodesmata: where found and function

Answer 38

Cell Communication in plants LARGER THAN GAP JUNCTIONS

Question 39

What are some examples of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

Answer 39

Collagen, fibronectin, laminin

Question 40

What are some main functions of microfilaments?

Answer 40

Vesicle transport muscle contraction cytokinesis

Question 41

What are some main functions of intermediate filaments?

Answer 41

stabilize STRUCTURE anchor organelles cell SHAPE

Question 42

What are some main functions of microtubules?

Answer 42

cilia and flagella spindles vesicle transport

Question 43

Out of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules which has no polarity

Answer 43

intermediate filaments

Question 44

What is the structure of microfilaments?

Answer 44

Plus and minus end for polarity, 2 strands of twisted actin

Question 45

What is the structure of intermediate filaments

Answer 45

fibrous proteins coiled into a thicker cable

Question 46

What is the structure of microtubules

Answer 46

cylinder shell of protein tubulin

Question 47

What 3 things make up a plant cell wall? (plant EMC)

Answer 47

Fibers, pectin, lignin, cellulose

Question 48

What 4 things does the PCR technique require?

Answer 48

DNA template, nucleotide, polymerase TAQ, 2 primers