Combined Review Flashcards
Transcription Process
Initiation - RNA polymerase binds to promoter and separates the DNA strands
Elongation - Template strand of RNA polymerase reads it
Termination - signal that RNA transcript is complete
What is transfection?
Genetic information of eukaryotic cells
Denatured or newly synthesized proteins can sometimes bind to other molecules inappropriately ________ help prevent this
Chaperone Proteins
Protein Transport
Proteins are transported in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus,
They can be sent to the lysosomes, plasma membrane, or secreted
What is an autophagy?
worn out / damaged cellular component
path of protein out of a cell
cytosol (SRP) –> RER (lumen) –> Golgi (vesicle) –> Plama Membrane
signal sequence pathway
SRP binds to end of p.p. and halts translation
SRP binds to RER
Translation begins again in transmembrane channel
In carboxylation CO2 is added to sugar called
RuBP
Carboxylation is catalyzed by the enzyme
rubisco
What is photorespiration?
metabolic pathway that releases carbon dioxide and consumes oxygen, bad for plants
Reduction transfers the energy and electrons that allow _____ to be synthesized from CO2
G3P
An example of a ligand for a cytoplasmic receptor is
a steroid
What is an example of a GPCRs and the role of a second messenger
adrenaline
What is an example of receptor kinases
growth factors
What is an example of ligand-gated ion channels
nervous system
Membrane receptors: location, bind what, example
in the plasma membrane, bind polar ligands, insulin
Intracellular receptors: location, bind what, example
in the cytoplasm, bind nonpolar ligands that diffuse across the PM, estrogen (lipids)
What is another name for an intracellular receptor
cytoplasmic receptor
Which component of the cytoskeleton is the smallest in diameter?
Microfilaments
GCPRs: bind to, activate what
bind to heterotrimeric G proteins
ligand binding to GPCRs activates G proteins
What is the pathway for GCPRs
activated receptor
activate adenylyl cyclase
converts ATP into cAMP which activates kinase A
Kinase A phosphorylates proteins in the heart muscle
In a ligand-gated channel, how is it activated
nerotransmitters
What is not found in plant cells but in animal cells: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
intermediate filaments
Cells with cilia rely mainly on _____ to facilitate their movement.
microtubules
Cadherins bind to which type of cytoskeletal elements
intermediate filaments and microfilaments
what are microtubules made of
tublin proteins
What are microtubule motor proteins and how do they work?
Kinesins move toward the positive pole.
Dyneins move toward the negative pole.
They help animals blend into their enviornment
What are some examples of microtubules?
centrioles and spindle fibers
What are microfilaments made out of
Actin monomer double helix
What are microfilaments motor proteins and how do they work
Myosin - muscle contractions
What are some examples of microfilaments?
muscle contractions and cytoskeleton
What are some examples of intermediate filaments?
keratin, neurofilaments
Adherens junctions: where found and function
Adhesion Molecule: Cadherin
Intercellular Attachment: Microfilaments
Function: Cell to Cell
Desmosomes: where found and function
Adhesion Molecule: Cadherin
Intercellular Attachment: Intermediate Filaments
Function: Cell to Cell
Tight junctions: function
epithelial boundary
Hemidesmosomes: where found and function
Adhesion Molecule: Integrin
Intercellular Attachment: Intermediate Filaments
Function: Cell to ECM
Gap junctions: where found and function
Cell Communication in animals
made of connexons
Plasmodesmata: where found and function
Cell Communication in plants
LARGER THAN GAP JUNCTIONS
What are some examples of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Collagen, fibronectin, laminin
What are some main functions of microfilaments?
Vesicle transport
muscle contraction
cytokinesis
What are some main functions of intermediate filaments?
stabilize STRUCTURE
anchor organelles
cell SHAPE
What are some main functions of microtubules?
cilia and flagella
spindles
vesicle transport
Out of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules which has no polarity
intermediate filaments
What is the structure of microfilaments?
Plus and minus end for polarity, 2 strands of twisted actin
What is the structure of intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins coiled into a thicker cable
What is the structure of microtubules
cylinder shell of protein tubulin
What 3 things make up a plant cell wall? (plant EMC)
Fibers, pectin, lignin, cellulose
What 4 things does the PCR technique require?
DNA template, nucleotide, polymerase TAQ, 2 primers
