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PJ's Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

The gradual change of characteristics within a population producing a change in species over time

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2
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process by which the environment favors one form of a species over another and thus that form reproduces more than the other

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3
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

1700’s guy who created the classification system and thought about how different species are related to one another and where they originated

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4
Q

Frenchy Lamarck

A

Wrongly proposed that evolution occurs by will not natural selection

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5
Q

Charley Darwin and RUSSELL WALLACE

A

Came up with the basic theories about evolution that are used today. NATURAL SELECTION

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6
Q

Modern Synthesis

A

The modern ideas about evolution. GRADUAL EVOLUTION of traits across POPULATIONS.

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7
Q

Gene Pool

A

The entire collection of genes within a given interbreeding population

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8
Q

Modern evolution theory…

A

focus on the change that occurs among populations, not individuals

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9
Q

Differential Reproduction:

A

It assumes that natural selection favors individuals with certain alleles in that Gene Pool and that those certain individuals will reproduce more and thus those alleles will become more and more proliferated

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10
Q

Mutation

A

An error in the DNA sequence of a gene

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11
Q

Genetic Drift

A

What happens if for example you had 1000 dogs in the world and 500 (having the same gene pool as the 1000) moved to a different area. Then if 90% of the new 500 died and the 10% that was left over did not have the same gene pool, the gene pool of the 10% would have reduced variety compared to the 500 from the beginning.

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12
Q

Three ways to change gene pools:

A

Differential Reproduction, Mutation, Genetic Drift

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13
Q

Gene Migration

A

The introduction of new genes from an immigrant that results in the changing of the gene pool of a population

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14
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Recessive genes do not disappear over time from a population. In order for it to work there has to be random mating, and no migration, mutation, selection, or genetic drift.

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15
Q

Species

A

A population that shares common gene pool and fertile offspring

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16
Q

Two ways to make separate species

A

Allopatric Speciation, and Sympatric Speciation

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17
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Occurs when two populations are geographically isolated from each other allowing for genetic drift, selection, or mutation to cause the populations to differentiate to where the two populations would be unable to interbreed later if they were reintegrated

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18
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Speciation without a change in geography. Could happen with

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19
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

(not necessarily to do with species) Occurs when parts of a population spread out to different areas finding their own niche and evolve into new species

20
Q

Gradualism

A

The idea that species change very gradually

21
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

A scientific model that proposes that species undergo a long period of equilibrium until at some point it is upset buy environmental forces that cause a short period of quick mutation and change

22
Q

Oparin Hypothesis

A

(1924) The atmosphere had ammonia, hydrogen, methane, and steam escaping from volcanoes and the earth was very hot and lightningy. Simple organic molecules collected as primordial soup in the oceans and these molecules formed larger, absorptive, and charged complex molecules called coacervates which supposedly formed into proteins and Amino Acids.

23
Q

Stanley Miller

A

Provided support for the Oparin Hypothesis. Showed that simple inorganic molecules exposed to lightning could produce amino acids

24
Q

Sidney Fox

A

(1960s) Showed that ultraviolet light could form even more complex stuff

25
Q

Cyril Ponnamperuma

A

Showed that guanine, adenine, and Ribose could be formed with electric current

26
Q

Prokaryotic cells…

A

were the “first” cells

27
Q

Plant development

A

Hetrotrophic prokaryotic cells > Photosynthetic autotrophic cells > Pohtosynthetic eukaryotic cells > multicellular photosynthetic organisms in the water > plants on land > development of thicker cell walls and xylem/phloem and seeds, etc.

28
Q

Precambrian Period

A

600 Million years ago and before. First descendants of animals supposedly showed up as non-vertibral MARINE PROTISTS.

29
Q

Paleozoic Era

A

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian

30
Q

Cambrian Period

A

570-505 million years “ago”. Exoskeletons appear. All modern day phyla appear (Cambrian Explosion). Early fish formed. Ended with extinctions

31
Q

Ordovician Period

A

505-440 million years “ago”. Development of Land Plants and Fish. First vertebrates. Ended with extinctions also.

32
Q

Silurian Period

A

440-410 million years “whatever”. Colonization of LAND which involved new needs.

33
Q

Devonian Period

A

400-360 million years ago. First amphibians.

34
Q

Carboniferous (Mississippian) Period

A

First Reptiles

35
Q

Triassic Period

A

First dinosaurs, mammals, birds

36
Q

At the end of the Cretaceous period

A

Dinosaurs died

37
Q

Cambrian Explosion

A

The sudden appearance of life forms from all of the different modern phyla in the Cambrian Period.

38
Q

Homologous (evolution)

A

Structures that exist in two different species because of common ancestry

39
Q

Analogous (Evolution)

A

Structures are similar because of their common function

40
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Birds and Dragon flies both have wings and are not related

41
Q

First Hominids (human family) la la la

A

4.5 million years ago.

42
Q

First Homos ( human genus)

A

1.8 million years ago. walked upright

43
Q

Cro-Magnon man

A

First Homo sapiens

44
Q

This experimental evidence was not considered to support the Oparin Hypothesis

A

In the laboratory, proteins are not useful as catalysts, indicating that early proteins were stable

45
Q

First Dinosaurs, Mammals, birds

A

Mesozoic (Triassic)

46
Q

Dinosaurs died

A

End of Mesozoic period, (Cretaceous period)

PJ's Biology (19 decks)

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