Genetics Flashcards
Inheritance:
The process by which characteristics pass from one generation to another
Gregor Mendel
Moved genetics along a lot. Discovered dominant and Recessive “hereditary factors” (genes) and thus the basis for the Punnett Square. Began Capitalizing Dominant alleles and not recessive alleles
Locus
A given gene on homologous pairs that has the same trait as the other pair
Alleles
The different forms of genes that code for the same type of thing. Y versus y versus X versus x. (all different Alleles)
Genotype
The combination of Alleles for a given trait (Yy, Xy)
Phenotype
Specific genetic traits expressed
Dominant allele
Uppercase. Negates any other allele it is paired with that is different than itself
Recessive
Lowercase. An allele that does not express its trait when paired with a dominant allele
Punnett Square
Y y
y yY yy
y yY yy
Homozygous gene for a given trait
Both alleles for the given genotype are the same
Heterozygous for a given trait
Both alleles for the given genotype are not the same
P1 generation
(Parent) first generation of true-breeding plants (green seeds vs yellow seeds)
F1 generation
(Family) 2cd generation… The crossing of the green seed plants and yellow seed plants created yellow seeds
F2 generation
3rd generation… the crossing of the seeds produced by the 2cd generation plants. Even though only yellow seed plants were being crossed, an occasional greed seed plant was produced
Mendelian Laws
Laws in genetics make by Gregor Mendel. (laws of segregation, dominance, and independent assortment
Law Segregation
Each parent provides one chromosome of every pair of homologous chromosomes and they randomly sort with the other parent’s
Law of Dominance (second law of inheritance)
One Gene usually expresses itself over the other.
The Law of Independent Assortment
The law that states MOST traits are independent of one another
Monohybrid cross
A cross of an individual where only one specific trait is considered
Dihybrid Cross
Considering two traits that are independent of one another
Incomplete Dominance (Co-Dominace)
When alleles cross to form phenotypes that are a cross between the phenotypes of the two alleles rather than one or the other… Denoted as…
CR CR
CW CRCW CR CW
CW CRCW CRCW
Blood types are an example of…
Multiple Alleles rather than just 2 Denoted as
IAiO IBIB
LINKED traits
Traits that are inherited together… Apart of the same chromosome.
Polygenic Traits
Traits produced from interaction of multiple sets of genes
