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H&DF > Equine Neurological > Flashcards

Equine Neurological Flashcards

1
Q

What is wobblers syndrome

A

Genetic malformation of spinal cord

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2
Q

West Nile Virus causes

A

Encephalitis (inflammation of brain)

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3
Q

How WNV is transmitted

A

Mosquitos; usu aquire from biting birds then go and bite horses or people

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4
Q

Signs of WNV

A

Listless / depressed, weak limbs, ataxia, stumbling gait, partial paralysis

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5
Q

How to treat WNV

A

No cure, supportive care

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6
Q

How to prevent WNV

A

Vaccine, mosquito control

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7
Q

Why horses and humans are considered “dead end hosts” for WNV

A

Can not transmit to anyone else, even via mosquito vectors

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8
Q

Equine encephalomyletis is a vita disease that affects the

A

Brain (cephalo) and spinal cord (myelo)

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9
Q

3 different Equine Encephalomyelitis strains

A

EEE- east
WEE- west
VEE- Venezuelan

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10
Q

How strains of equine encephalomyelitis differ in epidemiology

A

EEE and WEE= host is bird, horse is dead end host

VEE= host is horse, can spread via mosquitos to others

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11
Q

Which equine neurological disease is zoonotic

A

Equine encephalomyelitis
EEE and WEE= via mosquitos from birds
VEE= via mosquitos from horses

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12
Q

Who are reservoir hosts of VEE, what does that mean?

A

Mice or birds, always have in population (enzootic), gets picked up from mosquitos (enzootic vector)

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13
Q

Horses act as an amplification host for VEE, meaning

A

Gains high virus load, spreads to others via epizootic vector (like mosquitos)

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14
Q

Early signs of equine encephalomyelitis

Progresses to

A

Fever, hypersensitivity (overreacts to stimulus)

Progresses= anorexia and depression, posterior weakness and ataxia, unable to rise

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15
Q

Equine encephalomyelitis has a high mortality rate of about _%

A

50-90% (EEE/ VEE on higher side)

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16
Q

Difference between EEE/ WEE vaccine and VEE vaccine

A

EEE and WEE =core vaccinations, v effective, annual

VEE= only administered in areas of high incidence

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17
Q

What causes equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM)

A

Migration of protozoa in the spinal cord (protozoa ingested )

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18
Q

Protozoa that causes EPM

A

Sarcocystis neurona

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19
Q

Will EPM spread to other horses via host horse

A

No; horse is dead end host and does not shed the protozoa

20
Q

How EPM can be diagnosed

A

neurological exam, blood Ab titer, spinal fluid analysis

21
Q

How to treat EPM

A

Anti protozoal drugs for long term treatment

22
Q

Common reservoir for EPM protozoa

A

Opossum and other wildlife, feces contaminant environment

23
Q

How to prevent EPM

A

Rodent control, cover food so rodents don’t contaminate

24
Q

Signs of EPM

early and progressive

A 
Early= ataxia, pelvic limbs usually affected first 
Later= muscle atrophy, possible paralyzation
25
Q

Tetanus is also referred to as

A

Lockjaw

26
Q

Tetanus is a severe neurological disease cause by

A

Bacteria Clostridium tetani

27
Q

What kind of disease is tetanus

A

Infectious, non-contagious, highly fatal neurological disease

28
Q

How Clostridium tetani enters host

A

Thro break in skin, stays in environment for long periods via spores

29
Q

What kind of wound is ideal for Clostridium tetani invasion and why

A

Deep puncture wound; reproduces ideally in anaerobic environment

30
Q

Route of Clostridium tetani infection

A

Nerves in wound-> spinal cord-> brain

31
Q

What causes the clinical signs of tetanus
A) bacteria
B) toxins produced via bacteria
C) spores

A

B

32
Q

Signs of tetanus

A

Muscle stiffness (paralyzed in contraction =tetany) stiff leg gait (saw horse stance), hypersensitivity to stimuli, paralysis, convulsions, lack swallowing ability ( lock jaw)

33
Q

Why we would clap our hands as an indicator of tetanus

A

Hypersensitivity to stimuli, causes 3rd eyelid to flash Bc muscle of eyeball pulls it into skull

34
Q

Why tetanus is also called lock jaw

A

Those affected lack swallowing ability

35
Q

Tetanus treatment

A

High mortality and poor response to any treatment (none)

36
Q

How to prevent tetanus

A

Tetanus toxoid (active) or a tetanus antitoxin (passive) given at time of wound

37
Q

Animals most commonly affected by tetanus

A

Horses, sheep, goats, humans

38
Q

What kind of disease is Equine Rhabdomyelosis

A

Metabolic disease

39
Q

Equine Rhabdomyelosis is also called

A

Azoturia, or tying up, or Monday morning sickness

40
Q

What causes equine Rhabdomyelosis

A

Forced exercise after period of rest (during which feed has not been restricted)

41
Q

Equine Rhabdomyelosis is common in

A

Horses regularly worked/ in training

42
Q

Signs of equine Rhabdomyelosis

A

Acute onset, profuse sweating, tremors, reluctant to walk, stiff gait, weakness in hind limbs, hard muscles painful upon palpitation

43
Q

Signs of extreme equine Rhabdomyelosis

A

Red urine due to muscle breakdown, myoglobin in Urine (released from muscle cells) myoglobinuria

44
Q

Why equine Rhabdomyelosis is also called red water disease

A

Extreme cases cause red urine

45
Q

How to treat equine Rhabdomyelosis

A

Rest, painkillers, maintain fluids to prevent kidney disease, gradually return to exercise, modify management

46
Q

Why we don’t give horses fluids SQ

A

Can cause abscesses

H&DF (26 decks)

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