Enzymes Flashcards
Enzymes are an example of
Functional proteins
What are enzymes consisted of
Amino Acids
Polypeptide chains that make up an enzyme are
Folded in a highly specific way
to give the enzyme a precise
three dimensional shape
The shape of polypeptide chains are influenced by
weak hydrogen bonds and
R group interactions.
What is activation energy?
Minimum amount of energy needed to start a chem. reaction.
Lactase digests
lactose
Amylase digests
Amylose
Sucrase digests
Sucrose
Maltase digests
Maltose
Lipase digests
lipids
Protease digests
protein
Reactant in an enzyme substrate reaction s also called a
Substrate
What are catalysts?
Anything that speeds up chemical reactions such as Enzymes
What is anabolism
The process of building up larger molecules.
What is catabolism?
It is the process of breaking down molecules into smaller ones.
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
What is the function of enzymes
Enzymes are catalysts that speed of the rate of a chemical reaction. How? By lowering the activation energy.
What is the active site
The active site is the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds.
What factors affect enzyme activity
Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
Why can enzymes be reused?
They are not changed nor used up in a reaction and are effective in minute quantity
Why are enzymes specific?
They catalyze ONLY one substance(even isomers are not interchangable)
What does ph stand for?
Parts per hydrogen
What pH is acidic and what pH is’t basiuc?
pH 1-6 is acidic
pH 7-14 is basic
What range do most enzymes prefer
A narrow pH range
What happens with a change in pH?
It would break the bonds that hold tertiary structure.
What is neutral pH
pH 7 is neutral
What is optimum pH
The pH that is suitable for the enzyme do be fully functional.
What are competitive inhibitors
They are inhibitors that slow or stop the chemical reaction rate down by blocking the active site.
What are non-competitive inhibitors?
They are inhibitors that slow the chemical reaction rate down by pushing on the active site making it change so it doesn’t fit with the substrate. This is due to induced fit.
What is metabolic pathway?
A series of interconnected chemical reactions that occur within a cell
What is induced fit?
When a substrate binds to an enzyme’s active site, the enzyme slightly changes its shape to better accommodate the substrate.
What is a co-enzyme?
An organic molecule that helps speed up chemical reactions, some enzymes require it.
What is optimal temp.?
37 degrees Celsius.
What makes an enzyme reaction anabolic?
It is endothermic, it has synthesis reactions, and forms bonds to make larger molecules.
Why are enzymes organic?
They contain c+h bonds
What is the ES complex?
When the substrate binds with the enzyme.
What are cofactors
Inorganic helpers that attach to the enzyme to help the substrate binds to the enzyme.
When there is a fixed amount of substrate but an increasing amount of enzyme, what happens to the rate of reaction?
When enzymes concentration increases the rate of reaction increases because there are more ES complexes being made. However, if the enzyme concentration increases to a point when there is more enzymes than substrate, the reaction would stay the same because all the substrate was already binded to an enzyme.
When there is a fixed amount of enzyme but an increasing amount of substrate what happens to the rate of reaction?
At a low concentration of substrate, there is a steep increase in the rate of reaction with increasing substrate concentration.
B. As the concentration of the substrate increases to a point where there is more substrate than enzyme, then the enzyme becomes saturated and the rate of reaction stays the same or levels out.
what do inhibitors do?
Slows the rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions
What are the different types of inhibitors?
Irreversible inhibitors and reversible inhibitors.
What are irreversible inhibitors?
They form covalent bonds with the enzyme at its active site therefore permanently blocking the substrate.
What are reversible inhibitors?
They form temporary bonds with the enzyme which slows the reaction rate while the inhibitor is bound to the substrate.
The effects can be overcome by adding more substrate. This will flood the system.
