Bacteria and Viruses Flashcards
What is a prokaryote?
One of the simplest organisms on earth.
It is a type of cell that doesn’t have a TRUE NUCLEUS and does NOT have MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES.
They also contain circular DNA called plasmids.
What type of cell is bacteria?
A prokaryote.
What are three structural types of bacteria?
Bacili-Rod shape
Cocci-Round
Spirilli- In a spiral shape
What are the two types of kingdoms in bacteria?
Eubacteria (true bacteria)- E-coli, Salmonella, Botolism, MRSA
Archaebacteria-Extreme bacteria
Hot springs-Hot environment-Thermophiles
Halophiles- Great salt lake high salt environment
What is the importance of bacteria?
Decomposers
Producers
Nitrogen Fixers
Human Uses
Decomposers-
Break down dead organism material and releases the nitrogen which is used by plants to make protein AND other materials back into the environment to be used in the environment.
EX: Cyanobacteria-Phytoplankton
Producers-
Converts light energy to chemical bond energy - C6H12O6
EX;
Algae makes up the largest population of producers in the ocean, forming most of the worlds oxygen and is basis of many food chart/food web (phytoplankton)
Nitrogen Fixers
Bacteria live in the soil or the roots of plants and converts nitrogen into a usable form.
What are some human uses?
FOOD: Bacteria can make yogurt, sour bread and cheese.
BIOTECH:
1. Synthesizes drugs via genetic engineering to make hormones insulin.
2. You can also harvest them to treat other bacterial infections.
CLEANING THE ENVIRONMENT: Digests organic material and nitrates to purify water supplies.
What is a pathogen?
Anything that causes disease such as bacteria,
Viruses
Fungus
Food allergy
Protist ameba
How can bacteria disrupt homeostasis (cause disease)
Damaging host tissue
Releasing Toxins
How does bacteria damage host tissue?
by releasing toxins or entering cells and blocking their cell functions to destroy them EX: Pneumonia, strep, MRSA, and SIRUS
Releasing Toxins???
A toxin is a poison derived from microorganisms that causes disease when present in the body.
EX: Botulism is a cause of deadly food poisoning called Salmonella.
What are two types of Bacteria?
Gram negative: Pink- Thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane
More resistant to antibiotics so you can’t treat it easily.
Contains R-gene
Gram positive:Purple-Has thick peptidoglycan layer and NO outer membrane
More susceptible to antibiotics and can be treated easily
Gram positive examples
Strep, staphylococcus, streptococcus, Bacillus
Gram negative
E-coli and salmonella
What are antibiotics?
Works only on bacteria not viruses. It blocks the bacteria ability to form a cell wall during reproduction, so the immune system can engulf and destroy the bacteria.
How to control bacterial diseases.
Vaccines
Hygiene
Cooking
Refrigeration
Sterilization
Antibitotics
Vaccine
Uses dead, weakened bacteria or inactivated toxins tTO build body’s resistance to the pathogen
Hygiene
Washing hands and using antibacterial soap
Cooking
160 degrees to kill bacteria
Refrigeration
Cold temperature to slow down the bacterial growth
Sterilization
Really hot temp. to kill everything.
What is a parasite?
A parasite is an organism that lives in another organism called the host and develops a symbiotic relationship.
What is the structure of DNA?
Contains a capsid which is a protein that surrounds the virus
Also, its nucleic acid core can be DNA or RNA
What is the Zone of Inhibition?
It is a way of testing how well antibiotica work. They put it in a petri dish and test how close bacteria got to the heart of antibiotic. Bigger circle better antibiotic.
Classification of bacteria based off of how they get energy.
Heterotroph
Photosynthetic Autotroph
Chemosynthetic Autotroph
What are heterotrophic bacteria?
Decomposers- Decompose dead organisms to get energy
What are photosynthetic bacteria.
Photosynthesis- Capture sunlight to get energy and changes it to energy all consumers can use (cyanobacteria)
Chemosynthetic???
Makes their own energy using chemicals-changes nitrogen in atmosphere into AA
What is binary fission?
When an organism copies its single chromosome and they attach to CM. As the cell grows the chromosomes separate and divide. 1
What is a virus?
They are non-living structures that exist simply to multiply.
3 main rules of viruses
1.No organelles
2.Must need host cell to reproduce
3.Must take over DNA of host and direct it to make viral proteins or more viruses.
What is the structure of a virus?
Contains a capsid (protein) that surrounds the virus, a nucleic acid core which contains its genetic material (either DNA or RNA).
What is a symbiotic relationship?
A relationship that benefits the host and the organism inside of it.
Do viruses have symbiotic relationship with their host.
Yes there are symbiotic relationships. Though viruses are considered pathogens some can either
benefit the host
Benefit the host and themselves
or benefit themselves without harming the host.
What are two modes of viral reproduction?
Lytic Infection
Lysogenic Infection
What happens in lytic infection?
First the virus penetrates into the cell through phagocytosis. Then it injects its DNA and the DNA will take over and tell the cell to replicate the viral DNA. Then it will tell the cell to assemble new viruses. Lastly it lyses the cell membrane and releases all the virus and sadly kill the cute cell :(.
What about a lysogenic infection?
Basically the virus first integrates its DNA into the cells genome. Once the cell divides it will replicate the virus DNA also. The virus will essentially be dormant in all cells until the lytic cycle is triggered.
Two things you can do to prevent virus infections.
Vaccines
Hygiene
