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Medical Terminology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

endocrine system

A

one of the two main controlling systems of the body (along with nervous system)

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2
Q

hormones

A

regulatory substances secreted by glands

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3
Q

are endocrine glands ducts?

A

NO! They are ductless glands because they secrete to the bloodstream

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4
Q

target tissue

A

specific tissue that is influenced by a specific hormone

have specialized receptors

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5
Q

steroid hormones

A

made from lipids

found in
- gonads
- cortex of adrenals

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6
Q

what are hormones made of?

A

predominately amino acids

lipids

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7
Q

how are hormones controlled

A

negative feedback!

self-regulating

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8
Q

Pituitary gland other name

A

hypophysis

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9
Q

where is pituitary gland

A

beneath the brain
- anterior portion (adenohypophysis)
- posterior portion (neurohypophysis)

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10
Q

what controls the pituitary

A

hypothalamus (part of endocrine and nervous systems)

HOMEOSTASIS

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11
Q

growth hormone

A

produced by pituitary

SOMATOTROPIN

growth

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12
Q

how many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce

A

6

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13
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

found in anterior pituitary

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14
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates adrenal cortex

found in anterior pituitary

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15
Q

FSH

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates gonadal growth

anterior pituitary

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16
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle; testosterone secretion

anterior pituitary

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17
Q

PRL

A

prolactin

milk secretion

anterior pituitary

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18
Q

what hormone are secreted in the anterior pituitary

A

Growth hormone GH
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
LH luteinizing hormone
PRL prolactin

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19
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

vasopressin

water reabsorption in kidneys, blood vessel constriction

posterior pituitary

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20
Q

oxytocin

A

uterine contraction, milk ejection from mammary glands

posterior pituitary

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21
Q

what hormones are secreted in the posterior pituitary

A

ADH antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin

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22
Q

thyroxine

A

T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)

increases metabolic rate and heat, influences physical and mental activities, normal growth

thyroid

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23
Q

what hormones are found in the thyroid

A

thyroxine (T4 and T3)

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24
Q

PTH

A

parathyroid hormone

calcium exchange btw blood and bones, increases Ca in blood

parathyroid gland

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25
Q

what hormones are found in parathyroid

A

PTH parathyroid hormone

calcium exchange

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26
Q

cortisol

A

metabolism of macromolecules, stress active

adrenal cortex

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27
Q

aldosterone

A

regulates electrolytes and water balance

adrenal cortex

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28
Q

sex hormones

A

influences sexual characteristics

adrenal cortex

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29
Q

what hormones are found in adrenal cortex

A

cortisol
aldosterone
sex hormones

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30
Q

epinephrine

A

response to stress

adrenal medulla

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31
Q

what hormones are found in adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine

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32
Q

insulin

A

decreases blood glucose, transports glucose into cells, metabolism

pancreatic islet

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33
Q

glucagon

A

liver to release glucose, increases blood glucose

pancreatic islet

34
Q

what hormones are found in the pancreatic islet

A

insulin
glucagon

35
Q

melatonin

A

mood, sexual development, circadian rhythm

pineal gland

36
Q

what hormones are found in pineal gland

A

melatonin

37
Q

what hormones are found in the testis

A

testosterone

38
Q

testosterone

A

tesis

growth and development of sexual organs and sexual characteristics, maturation of sperm cells

39
Q

estrogen

A

ovary

primary/secondary sexual organs/characteristics

40
Q

progesterone

A

prepares uterine lining for implantation of fertilized ovum

maintains pregnancy, develops milk gland secretions

ovary

41
Q

what hormones are found in ovaries

A

estrogen

progesterone

42
Q

thymosin

A

development of T cells for immune system

43
Q

thymus

A

above heart

secretes thymosin (t cells)

44
Q

prostaglandins

A

group of hormones produced by many cells (uterine contraction, inflammation, vasomotor activities)

45
Q

endocrin/o

A

endocrine glands or system

46
Q

pituitar/i

A

pituitary gland/hypophysis

47
Q

phypophysi/o

A

pituitary gland/hypophysis

48
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

49
Q

parathyr/o, parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid gland

50
Q

adren/o, adrenal/o

A

adrenal gland, epinephrine

51
Q

adrenocortic/o

A

adrenal cortex

52
Q

insul/o

A

pancreatic islets

53
Q

adenoma

A

glandular tumor

can produce its own hormones

surgery/drugs to decrease hormones

54
Q

What happens if too much ACTH??

A

excess cortisol, which leads to Cushing’s disease

55
Q

Excess PRL

A

prolactin

can lead to milk in men and women

56
Q

panhypopituitarism (PHP)

A

hypofunction of pituitary

caused by tumor usually
drugs, head injury, surgery

most commonly impacted is vasopressin (diabetes insipidus)

dwarfism, lack of sexual development, fatigue, weakness

57
Q

Graves disease

A

hyperthyroidism (most common form) (weight loss, exophthalmia, goiter)

diffuse toxic goiter

tachycardia (antithyritic drugs, excision of thyroid)

measured by seeing uptake of iodine in gland

58
Q

hyperparathyroid

A

too much calcium in blood

kidney stones

59
Q

hypoparathyroid

A

decrease in calcium

tingling
numbness
tetany (muscle spasms)

60
Q

addison’s diseas

A

hypofunction of adrenal cortex, adrenal insufficiency (can also occur with not enough ACTH)

water loss, hypotension, weakness, etc

increase in melanocyte stimulating hormone

61
Q

cushing’s disease/syndrome

A

excess of adrenal cortical hormones

steroid hormone administration

adrenal tumor

moon-shaped face, trunk obesity, hirsutism

62
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

lack of insulin/response to insulin

excess glucose in blood, HYPERGLYCEMIA, excess urination to get it out

ketosis, when too much ketoacidosis

63
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

destruction of pancreatic islet cells, can’t produce insulin AUTOIMMUNE

64
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

cell resistance to insulin

can’t produce enough insulin when one eats too much sugar (usually seen in older people but is moving to younger populations because of habits)

65
Q

type II diabetes associated with

A

metabolic syndrome or syndrome X

  • HTN
  • hyperglycemia
  • trunk obesity
  • cholesterol
66
Q

management of DM

A

glycated hemoglobbin (HBA1c) to reflect glucose uptake by red blood cells over past 2-3 months)

67
Q

oral glucose tolerance test

A

test for diabetes

68
Q

too much insulin

A

pancreatic tumor

hypoglycemia

insulin shock/hypoglycemic shock

69
Q

how is hypoglycemic shock treated

A

sugars or glucagon (intranasally/IV)

70
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

lack of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

kidneys can’t conserve water as well

polyuria, polydipsia (thirst)

71
Q

diabetes

A

insipidus (lack of ADH)

mellitus (insulin/islet issues)

72
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

deficiency of thyroid hormone in infancy

retardation by 6 months

73
Q

adult hypothyroidism

A

weight gain, lethargy, rough, dry skin, hair loss, facial swelling, reproductive issues, muscular weakness, pain, stiffness (usually autoimmune)

74
Q

OGTT

A

oral glucose tolerance test

measure glucose levels post oral glucose

impaired fasting glucose tolerance and impaired glucose tolerance are used to distinguish diabetes

75
Q

HBA1c Test

A

glycated hemoglobin test

based on glucose uptake by red blood cells

reflects average blood glucose levels for 2-3 months prior

76
Q

too much insulin

A

pancreatic tumor/too much administered

hypoglycemia and insulin shock

administration of GLUCAGON/GLUCOSE

dogs can alert :)

77
Q

glycosuria

A

glucose in urine

78
Q

nontoxic goiter

A

iodine deficiency (a toxic goiter caused by hormone abnormalities)

79
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

underactivity of entire pituitary gland

80
Q

tetany

A

irritability and spasms of muscles

low calcium (hypoparathyroid)

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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