Endocrine System Flashcards
endocrine system
one of the two main controlling systems of the body (along with nervous system)
hormones
regulatory substances secreted by glands
are endocrine glands ducts?
NO! They are ductless glands because they secrete to the bloodstream
target tissue
specific tissue that is influenced by a specific hormone
have specialized receptors
steroid hormones
made from lipids
found in
- gonads
- cortex of adrenals
what are hormones made of?
predominately amino acids
lipids
how are hormones controlled
negative feedback!
self-regulating
Pituitary gland other name
hypophysis
where is pituitary gland
beneath the brain
- anterior portion (adenohypophysis)
- posterior portion (neurohypophysis)
what controls the pituitary
hypothalamus (part of endocrine and nervous systems)
HOMEOSTASIS
growth hormone
produced by pituitary
SOMATOTROPIN
growth
how many hormones does the anterior pituitary produce
6
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
found in anterior pituitary
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates adrenal cortex
found in anterior pituitary
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
stimulates gonadal growth
anterior pituitary
LH
luteinizing hormone
development of corpus luteum at site of ruptured ovarian follicle; testosterone secretion
anterior pituitary
PRL
prolactin
milk secretion
anterior pituitary
what hormone are secreted in the anterior pituitary
Growth hormone GH
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
LH luteinizing hormone
PRL prolactin
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
vasopressin
water reabsorption in kidneys, blood vessel constriction
posterior pituitary
oxytocin
uterine contraction, milk ejection from mammary glands
posterior pituitary
what hormones are secreted in the posterior pituitary
ADH antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin
thyroxine
T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)
increases metabolic rate and heat, influences physical and mental activities, normal growth
thyroid
what hormones are found in the thyroid
thyroxine (T4 and T3)
PTH
parathyroid hormone
calcium exchange btw blood and bones, increases Ca in blood
parathyroid gland
what hormones are found in parathyroid
PTH parathyroid hormone
calcium exchange
cortisol
metabolism of macromolecules, stress active
adrenal cortex
aldosterone
regulates electrolytes and water balance
adrenal cortex
sex hormones
influences sexual characteristics
adrenal cortex
what hormones are found in adrenal cortex
cortisol
aldosterone
sex hormones
epinephrine
response to stress
adrenal medulla
what hormones are found in adrenal medulla
epinephrine
insulin
decreases blood glucose, transports glucose into cells, metabolism
pancreatic islet
glucagon
liver to release glucose, increases blood glucose
pancreatic islet
what hormones are found in the pancreatic islet
insulin
glucagon
melatonin
mood, sexual development, circadian rhythm
pineal gland
what hormones are found in pineal gland
melatonin
what hormones are found in the testis
testosterone
testosterone
tesis
growth and development of sexual organs and sexual characteristics, maturation of sperm cells
estrogen
ovary
primary/secondary sexual organs/characteristics
progesterone
prepares uterine lining for implantation of fertilized ovum
maintains pregnancy, develops milk gland secretions
ovary
what hormones are found in ovaries
estrogen
progesterone
thymosin
development of T cells for immune system
thymus
above heart
secretes thymosin (t cells)
prostaglandins
group of hormones produced by many cells (uterine contraction, inflammation, vasomotor activities)
endocrin/o
endocrine glands or system
pituitar/i
pituitary gland/hypophysis
phypophysi/o
pituitary gland/hypophysis
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
parathyr/o, parathyroid/o
parathyroid gland
adren/o, adrenal/o
adrenal gland, epinephrine
adrenocortic/o
adrenal cortex
insul/o
pancreatic islets
adenoma
glandular tumor
can produce its own hormones
surgery/drugs to decrease hormones
What happens if too much ACTH??
excess cortisol, which leads to Cushing’s disease
Excess PRL
prolactin
can lead to milk in men and women
panhypopituitarism (PHP)
hypofunction of pituitary
caused by tumor usually
drugs, head injury, surgery
most commonly impacted is vasopressin (diabetes insipidus)
dwarfism, lack of sexual development, fatigue, weakness
Graves disease
hyperthyroidism (most common form) (weight loss, exophthalmia, goiter)
diffuse toxic goiter
tachycardia (antithyritic drugs, excision of thyroid)
measured by seeing uptake of iodine in gland
hyperparathyroid
too much calcium in blood
kidney stones
hypoparathyroid
decrease in calcium
tingling
numbness
tetany (muscle spasms)
addison’s diseas
hypofunction of adrenal cortex, adrenal insufficiency (can also occur with not enough ACTH)
water loss, hypotension, weakness, etc
increase in melanocyte stimulating hormone
cushing’s disease/syndrome
excess of adrenal cortical hormones
steroid hormone administration
adrenal tumor
moon-shaped face, trunk obesity, hirsutism
diabetes mellitus
lack of insulin/response to insulin
excess glucose in blood, HYPERGLYCEMIA, excess urination to get it out
ketosis, when too much ketoacidosis
type 1 diabetes
destruction of pancreatic islet cells, can’t produce insulin AUTOIMMUNE
type 2 diabetes
cell resistance to insulin
can’t produce enough insulin when one eats too much sugar (usually seen in older people but is moving to younger populations because of habits)
type II diabetes associated with
metabolic syndrome or syndrome X
- HTN
- hyperglycemia
- trunk obesity
- cholesterol
management of DM
glycated hemoglobbin (HBA1c) to reflect glucose uptake by red blood cells over past 2-3 months)
oral glucose tolerance test
test for diabetes
too much insulin
pancreatic tumor
hypoglycemia
insulin shock/hypoglycemic shock
how is hypoglycemic shock treated
sugars or glucagon (intranasally/IV)
diabetes insipidus
lack of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
kidneys can’t conserve water as well
polyuria, polydipsia (thirst)
diabetes
insipidus (lack of ADH)
mellitus (insulin/islet issues)
congenital hypothyroidism
deficiency of thyroid hormone in infancy
retardation by 6 months
adult hypothyroidism
weight gain, lethargy, rough, dry skin, hair loss, facial swelling, reproductive issues, muscular weakness, pain, stiffness (usually autoimmune)
OGTT
oral glucose tolerance test
measure glucose levels post oral glucose
impaired fasting glucose tolerance and impaired glucose tolerance are used to distinguish diabetes
HBA1c Test
glycated hemoglobin test
based on glucose uptake by red blood cells
reflects average blood glucose levels for 2-3 months prior
too much insulin
pancreatic tumor/too much administered
hypoglycemia and insulin shock
administration of GLUCAGON/GLUCOSE
dogs can alert :)
glycosuria
glucose in urine
nontoxic goiter
iodine deficiency (a toxic goiter caused by hormone abnormalities)
panhypopituitarism
underactivity of entire pituitary gland
tetany
irritability and spasms of muscles
low calcium (hypoparathyroid)
