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Medical Terminology > Chapter 12: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

pharynx

A

throat

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2
Q

Parts that make up upper respiratory passageway

A

nose and throat

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3
Q

turbinate bones

A

receptors of smell are located here!

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3
Q

sinuses

A

air-filled cavities lined with mucous that drain into the nose
- lighten bones
- resonance for speech production

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3
Q

pharynx

A

naso, oro, and laryngopharynx

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3
Q

nasopharynx

A

located behind nasal cavity, where nose cavity leads to

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4
Q

oropharynx

A

behind the mouth, contains tonsils

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4
Q

laryngopharynx

A

inferior to oropharynx located dorsal to the larynx

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5
Q

palatine tonsils

A

strep throat MFs

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6
Q

adenoid

A

single pharyngeal tonsil in nasopharynx

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7
Q

lingual tonsils

A

lymphoid tissue behind tongue

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8
Q

larynx

A

voice box
top of trachea or windpipe
NONE cartilages

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9
Q

epiglottis

A

covers opening of pharynx when someone swallows

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10
Q

glottis

A

opening between vocal folds of chords

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11
Q

trachea

A

below epiglottis

C-shaped cartilage so it does not collapse

part of mediastinum

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12
Q

bronchi

A

trachea splits into bronchi (right and left)

right: short and wide

left: longer

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13
Q

what happens as bronchi split off

A

split into smaller and smaller branches that transition from cartilage to smooth, involuntary muscle

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14
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest of tubes
- air carried into air sacs (alveoli)

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15
Q

alveoli

A

smallest air sacs at ends of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs (O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses back into lungs to be expelled)

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16
Q

size of lungs?

A

left= smaller to accommodate heart and in 2 sections

right= larger and in 3 sections

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17
Q

pleura

A

double membrane that covers the lungs and lines thoracic cavity

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18
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer layer, attached to wall of thoracic cavity

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19
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer, attached to lung surface

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20
Q

pleural space

A

space between pleura; slide over each other easily

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21
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

breathing

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22
Q

inspiration

A

breathing in; stimulated by phrenic nerve for diaphragm to contract and flatten

intercostal muscles elevate and expand the rib cage

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23
Q

expiration

A

breathing out– diaphragm relaxes and intercostal muscles contract to lower the rib cage

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24
Q

how is breathing controlled

A

unconsciously by brainstem

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25
Q

compliance

A

how easily lungs expand under pressure

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26
Q

surfactant

A

fluid produced in lungs, aids in expansion by reduction of surface tension

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27
Q

hemoglobin

A

oxygen is bound to this and is released to cells as needed

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28
Q

how is CO2 carried

A

converted into carbonic acid; regulation of CO2 is important to maintain blood pH

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29
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole

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30
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchus

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31
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm

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32
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx

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33
Q

pneum/o

A

lung

34
Q

pulm/o

A

lung

35
Q

nas/o, rhin/o

A

nose

36
Q

phrenic/o

A

phrenic nerve

37
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

38
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx

39
Q

trache/o

A

trachea

40
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

41
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

42
Q

-oxia

A

level of oxygen

43
Q

-capnia

A

level of carbon dioxide

44
Q

-phonia

A

voice

45
Q

hyperventilation

A

too much CO2 exhaled

alkalosis

46
Q

hypoventilation

A

too much co2 in blood

acidosis

47
Q

alkalosis

A

blood too alkaline (ie not enough CO2)

48
Q

acidosis

A

blood is too acidic (ie too much CO2)

49
Q

diphtheria and pertussis

A

childhood infections treated by the DTaP vaccine

50
Q

pneumonia

A

Lobar- acute, one or more lungs

broncho- throughout the lung (bronchioles are clogged w/ exudate and solidify)

51
Q

pneumonitis

A

term used for noninfectious lung inflammation (allergies)

52
Q

TB

A

tuberculosis

antibiotic resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis

etymology from lesions, tubercules, that TB creates

tubercules can liquidize and release bacteria in blood

fever, weightloss, hemoptysis

alveoli accumulates tissue - lung tissue consolidation

CXR/test for drug effectiveness

52
Q

tests for tuberculosis

A
  • tuberculin test - made from byproducts of tuberculosis - when injected skin forms hard, raised lump
  • IGRA blood test (immunologic test, confirms results of negative skin test)
  • NAA sputum test (nucleic acid amplification test)
53
Q

RSV

A

respiratory syncytial virus

most common worldwide, fusion of cells (syncytium)

neewborns!

54
Q

influenza

A

mutates readily and spreads among animals

combatted with vaccines, isolation/destruction of infected animals, antiviral meds

55
Q

Croup

A

affects kids under 3 yrs

upper respiratory issues

narrowed trachea, stridor (squeaking noise when breathing)

FROM OTHER ILLNESSES

56
Q

common cold

A

rhinoviruses

57
Q

acute rhinitis

A

inflammation of nasal passageways with copious secretions of mucus

58
Q

emphysema

A

overexpansion/destruction of alveoli

59
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- asthma
- bronchiectasis
- chronic bronchitis
- emphysema

60
Q

asthma

A

narrowing of bronchial tubes
- edema of bronchial linings
- inflammation
- mucus accumulation

dypsnea, cyanosis, wheezing

61
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

chronic irritation by dust inhalation

62
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

newborn issue

lack of surfactant

63
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

from edema, leads to respiratory failure/death if not treated

64
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

fatal hereditary disease

  • altered Cl transport across cell membranes
  • glandular secretions

— thickened bronchiole secretions leads to infections/respiratory disorders

  • CF diagnosed by extra NA and Cl in sweat/DNA analysis
65
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome

not really understood

maternal conditions associated:
- cigarettes
- age <20
- low weight gain
- anemia
- drug use
- UTI/GBS

66
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of pleura
- pain!! shallow breathing because expansion of lungs and movement of pleura hurts

67
Q

pneumothorax

A

air gets into pleural space

68
Q

atelectasis

A

compression/collapse of lung

69
Q

pleural effusion

A

material accumulates in pleural space

70
Q

pyothorax/empyema

A

accumulation of pus in pleural space

71
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in pleural space

72
Q

hydrothorax

A

fluid in pleural space

73
Q

thoracentesis

A

needle puncture of chest to remove fluid from pleural effusion

74
Q

chest tube

A

removes air from pneumothorax

75
Q

ABG

A

arterial blood gas evaluates gas exchange by CO2, O2, HCO3, pH

76
Q

pulmonary function test

A

spirometer assesses breathing by volume of air

77
Q

tidal volume

A

air breathed into/out of lungs in relaxed breathing

78
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air left after maximum exhalation

79
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

air amount that can be exhaled after normal exhalation

80
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inhaled above a normal inspiration

81
Q

total lung capacity

A

amount of air that can be contained in lungs after max inhalation

82
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

amount of air normally inhaled after normal exhalation

83
Q

vital capacity

A

amount of air that can be expelled from lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

84
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount of air remaining in lungs after normal exhalation

85
Q

forced expiratory volume

A

volume of gas exhaled with max force within given interval of time

86
Q

forced vital capacity

A

volume of gas exhaled as rapidly and completely as possible after a complete inhalation

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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