Chapter 12: Respiratory System Flashcards
pharynx
throat
Parts that make up upper respiratory passageway
nose and throat
turbinate bones
receptors of smell are located here!
sinuses
air-filled cavities lined with mucous that drain into the nose
- lighten bones
- resonance for speech production
pharynx
naso, oro, and laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
located behind nasal cavity, where nose cavity leads to
oropharynx
behind the mouth, contains tonsils
laryngopharynx
inferior to oropharynx located dorsal to the larynx
palatine tonsils
strep throat MFs
adenoid
single pharyngeal tonsil in nasopharynx
lingual tonsils
lymphoid tissue behind tongue
larynx
voice box
top of trachea or windpipe
NONE cartilages
epiglottis
covers opening of pharynx when someone swallows
glottis
opening between vocal folds of chords
trachea
below epiglottis
C-shaped cartilage so it does not collapse
part of mediastinum
bronchi
trachea splits into bronchi (right and left)
right: short and wide
left: longer
what happens as bronchi split off
split into smaller and smaller branches that transition from cartilage to smooth, involuntary muscle
bronchioles
smallest of tubes
- air carried into air sacs (alveoli)
alveoli
smallest air sacs at ends of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs (O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses back into lungs to be expelled)
size of lungs?
left= smaller to accommodate heart and in 2 sections
right= larger and in 3 sections
pleura
double membrane that covers the lungs and lines thoracic cavity
parietal pleura
outer layer, attached to wall of thoracic cavity
visceral pleura
inner layer, attached to lung surface
pleural space
space between pleura; slide over each other easily
pulmonary ventilation
breathing
inspiration
breathing in; stimulated by phrenic nerve for diaphragm to contract and flatten
intercostal muscles elevate and expand the rib cage
expiration
breathing out– diaphragm relaxes and intercostal muscles contract to lower the rib cage
how is breathing controlled
unconsciously by brainstem
compliance
how easily lungs expand under pressure
surfactant
fluid produced in lungs, aids in expansion by reduction of surface tension
hemoglobin
oxygen is bound to this and is released to cells as needed
how is CO2 carried
converted into carbonic acid; regulation of CO2 is important to maintain blood pH
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
bronch/o
bronchus
phren/o
diaphragm
laryng/o
larynx
pneum/o
lung
pulm/o
lung
nas/o, rhin/o
nose
phrenic/o
phrenic nerve
pleur/o
pleura
laryng/o
larynx
trache/o
trachea
pharyng/o
pharynx
-pnea
breathing
-oxia
level of oxygen
-capnia
level of carbon dioxide
-phonia
voice
hyperventilation
too much CO2 exhaled
alkalosis
hypoventilation
too much co2 in blood
acidosis
alkalosis
blood too alkaline (ie not enough CO2)
acidosis
blood is too acidic (ie too much CO2)
diphtheria and pertussis
childhood infections treated by the DTaP vaccine
pneumonia
Lobar- acute, one or more lungs
broncho- throughout the lung (bronchioles are clogged w/ exudate and solidify)
pneumonitis
term used for noninfectious lung inflammation (allergies)
TB
tuberculosis
antibiotic resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis
etymology from lesions, tubercules, that TB creates
tubercules can liquidize and release bacteria in blood
fever, weightloss, hemoptysis
alveoli accumulates tissue - lung tissue consolidation
CXR/test for drug effectiveness
tests for tuberculosis
- tuberculin test - made from byproducts of tuberculosis - when injected skin forms hard, raised lump
- IGRA blood test (immunologic test, confirms results of negative skin test)
- NAA sputum test (nucleic acid amplification test)
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus
most common worldwide, fusion of cells (syncytium)
neewborns!
influenza
mutates readily and spreads among animals
combatted with vaccines, isolation/destruction of infected animals, antiviral meds
Croup
affects kids under 3 yrs
upper respiratory issues
narrowed trachea, stridor (squeaking noise when breathing)
FROM OTHER ILLNESSES
common cold
rhinoviruses
acute rhinitis
inflammation of nasal passageways with copious secretions of mucus
emphysema
overexpansion/destruction of alveoli
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- asthma
- bronchiectasis
- chronic bronchitis
- emphysema
asthma
narrowing of bronchial tubes
- edema of bronchial linings
- inflammation
- mucus accumulation
dypsnea, cyanosis, wheezing
pneumoconiosis
chronic irritation by dust inhalation
respiratory distress syndrome
newborn issue
lack of surfactant
acute respiratory distress syndrome
from edema, leads to respiratory failure/death if not treated
cystic fibrosis
fatal hereditary disease
- altered Cl transport across cell membranes
- glandular secretions
— thickened bronchiole secretions leads to infections/respiratory disorders
- CF diagnosed by extra NA and Cl in sweat/DNA analysis
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome
not really understood
maternal conditions associated:
- cigarettes
- age <20
- low weight gain
- anemia
- drug use
- UTI/GBS
pleurisy
inflammation of pleura
- pain!! shallow breathing because expansion of lungs and movement of pleura hurts
pneumothorax
air gets into pleural space
atelectasis
compression/collapse of lung
pleural effusion
material accumulates in pleural space
pyothorax/empyema
accumulation of pus in pleural space
hemothorax
blood in pleural space
hydrothorax
fluid in pleural space
thoracentesis
needle puncture of chest to remove fluid from pleural effusion
chest tube
removes air from pneumothorax
ABG
arterial blood gas evaluates gas exchange by CO2, O2, HCO3, pH
pulmonary function test
spirometer assesses breathing by volume of air
tidal volume
air breathed into/out of lungs in relaxed breathing
residual volume
amount of air left after maximum exhalation
expiratory reserve volume
air amount that can be exhaled after normal exhalation
inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be inhaled above a normal inspiration
total lung capacity
amount of air that can be contained in lungs after max inhalation
inspiratory capacity
amount of air normally inhaled after normal exhalation
vital capacity
amount of air that can be expelled from lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation
functional residual capacity
amount of air remaining in lungs after normal exhalation
forced expiratory volume
volume of gas exhaled with max force within given interval of time
forced vital capacity
volume of gas exhaled as rapidly and completely as possible after a complete inhalation
