Chapter 10: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
what does the cardiovascular system consist of
A
heart and blood vessels
2
Q
layers of heart tissue
A
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
3
Q
endocardium
A
thin inner layer of heart tissue
4
Q
myocardium
A
thick middle layer of heart tissue muscle
5
Q
epicardium
A
thin outer layer that covers the heart
6
Q
pericardium
A
thin fibrous sac that carries the heart and anchors to surrounding structures
7
Q
atrium
A
heart’s upper receiving chambers
8
Q
right atrium
A
receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae (superior and inferior)
9
Q
left atrium
A
receives oxygenated blood from the right and left pulmonary veins
10
Q
ventricle
A
lower pumping chambers of the heart
11
Q
right ventricle
A
pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary arteries to be sent to the lungs
12
Q
left ventricle
A
pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta to be sent to the rest of the body
13
Q
heart septum
A
chambers of heart are divided by a septum
14
Q
interventricular septum
A
divides ventricles
15
Q
interatrial septum
A
divides atria
16
Q
what are the two circuits that blood is pumped through in the heart
A
pulmonary circuit (pumping of deoxygenated blood - right)
systemic circuit (pumping of oxygenated blood - left)
17
Q
heart valves
A
ONE WAY to keep blood flowing in one direction
18
Q
atrioventricular valves
A
the valves between the atria and ventricles
tricuspid valve is RIGHT
mitral valve is LEFT
19
Q
tricuspid valve
A
FIRST, right AV valve
three cusps
20
Q
pulmonary valve
A
valve between pulmonary artery and right ventricle, SECOND
21
Q
mitral valve
A
THIRD, left AV valve
bicuspid
22
Q
aortic valve
A
valve between left ventricle and ascending aorta LAST
23
Q
semilunar valves
A
the valves leading out of the ventricles; each have three cusps shaped like a half moon (pulmonary and aortic)
24
Q
heart sounds
A
first is when AV valves close
second is when semilunar valves close
25
functional murmur
any sound made as the heart functions normally
26
murmur
an abnormal heart sound
27
coronary circulation
the blood vessels that supply the myocardium (which does not have contact with the blood in the heart)
28
which layer of heart tissue makes contact with the blood of the heart?
endocardium
29
why are coronary arteries named as such?
they encircle the heart like a crown
30
when do the coronary arteries receive blood?
when the aortic valve relaxes (it covers the vessels when open)
31
how do coronary arteries drain blood?
through the inferior vena cava
32
systole
heart contraction (first both atria, then both ventricles)
33
diastole
heart relaxation
34
flow of blood through heart
vena cavae - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - rest of body
35
pulse
increased pressure in vessels with ventricular contraction
36
how are cardiac contractions simulated
by NODES, Bundles, and purkinje fibers
37
sinoatrial node
right atrium
PACEMAKER - sets beat of heart
38
atrioventricular node
bottom of right atrium
- branch between SA and AV stimulate atria
39
AV bundle
BUNDLE OF His
top of AV septum
40
bundle branches
travel along left and right side of septum
41
purkinje fibers
carry stimulation throughout walls of ventricles
42
flow of electrical conduction of heart
SA node - internodal pathways/AV node - AV bundle - bundle branches - purkinje fibers
43
ECG
electrocardiography
measures heart electrical activity as it functions
44
sinus rhythm
NORMAL
45
P wave
depolarization of atrial muslces
46
QRS
depolarization of ventricles (atrial repolarization happens here)
47
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
48
U wave
after T wave and of unknown origin
49
vascular system
carry blood throughout body
50
arteries
blood away from heart
51
arterioles
vessels smaller than arteries that go to capillaries
52
capillaries
smallest vessels, exchange between blood and tissues
53
venules
small vessels that receive blood from capillaries, go to veins
54
veins
blood to heart
55
blood through vascular system
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
56
Apex
point of bottom of heart (commonly phrased as the point of a cone-shaped structure)
points inferior to left, formed by LV
57
bundle branches
AV bundle branches that divide to the right and left sides of interventricular septum
58
depolarization
change from resting state electrical
59
repolarization
electrical return to resting state
60
cardi/o
heart
61
atri/o
atrium
62
ventricul/o
cavity/ventricle
63
valv/o, valvul/o
valve
64
angi/o
vessel
65
vas/o, vascul/o
vessel, duct
66
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
67
arteriol/o
arteriole
68
aort/o
aorta
69
ven/o, ven/i
vein
70
phleb/o
vein
71
atherosclerosis
accumulation of fatty deposits in lining of artery
PLAQUE
72
ischemia
when plaque builds up, hardens, and restricts blood flow to surrounding tissues
73
when does plaque form
when small injuries occur to blood vessel
74
dyslipidemia
abnormally high levels of lipoproteins (cholesterol LDLs)
75
where is atherosclerosis most common
coronary, carotid, brain arteries/vessels
76
arteriosclerosis
general term for vessel hardening due to any cause
(calcium buildup, scar tissue, etc)
77
thrombosis
formation of blood clot on vessel (chances increase with atherosclerosis)
78
thrombus
blood clot
disrupts blood blow to tissue
79
embolism
blockage of blood vessel
80
embolus
mass that blocks the vessel (air, fat, bacteria, clotted blood)
81
pulmonary embolism
embolus lodged in pulmonary artery, life threatening
82
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
stroke
embolus from coronary circulation usually ends up here
83
how are emboli treated
anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin)
84
aneurysm
arterial wall is weakened and balloons
can happen via atherosclerosis
85
dissecting aneurysm
blood hemorrhages into arterial wall's middle layer and separates the muscle
can rupture the vessel (can be replaced with a graft)
stent can be placed so that blood only flows through that stent
86
hypertensions effects
the size of the left ventricle to enlarge by overwork
87
drugs used to treat hypertension
diuretic (water/salt loss via kidneys)
limit production of renin
blood vessel relaxants (adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers)
88
coronary artery disease CAD
atherosclerosis of vessels that supply blood to heart
89
angina pectoris
chest pain that signifies CAD (constriction around heart that radiates to left arm/shoulder)
90
signs of CAD
angina pectoris
anxiety
diaphoresis
dyspnea
91
CAD diagnosis
ECG
Stress tests
ECG
Coronary angiography
92
coronary angiography
CT with contrast shows narrowing
93
C-reactive protein
a substance indicated with CAD, produced with systemic inflammation/atherosclerosis
called CRP
94
CAD treatment
diet/exercise
drugs
angioplasty, or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA
95
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
placement of a stent to keep vessel open
96
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
bypass blocked vessel with bypass graft (with veins)
97
myocardial infarction
coronary artery occlusion
myocardial necrosis - infarct
heart attack
chest/upper GI pain, extend to jaw/arms, paleness, diaphoresis, nausea, fatigue, anxiety, dyspnea
98
MI diagnosis
ECG, substance assay (creatine kinase MB, troponin)
99
creatine kinase MB
if high this means that muscle tissue is injured
100
troponin
increase may indicate MI
101
arrythmia
irregular heart beat (extra beat, altered HR, change in pattern of beat)
102
heart block
interruption of heart's electrical conduction system, arrythmia
classified by bundle
103
artificial pacemaker
inserted if SA node irregular
104
fibrillation
fast irregular beat
caused by MI
105
cardioversion
restoration of normal heart rhythm by drugs or electrical current
106
defibrillation
pads used to stop fibrillation for cardioversion
107
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
108
AED
automated external defibrillators
109
ablation
destruction of portion of conduction pathway that is involved in arrythmia
high frequency sound, cryoablation, electrical energy by intravascular catheter
110
heart failure
condition where heart does not empty effectively
EDEMA
Congestive heart failure
111
left sided heart failure
Pulmonary edema
dyspnea
112
right sided heart failure
peripheral edema
tissue swelling
cyanosis
syncope
113
cardiogenic shock
heart failure
114
hypovolemic shock
loss of blood volume
115
septic shock
bacterial infection
116
anaphylactic shock
allergic reaction
117
congenital heart defect
heart disease present at birth
118
septal defect
hole in heart septum, most common congenital defect
119
patent ductus arteriosus
bypass between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close
drug/surgery
120
murmur
often caused by failure for valve to open/close correctly
121
coarctation of aorta
narrowing, congenital, restricts blood flow
122
rheumatic heart disease
immune reaction post infection damages heart valves (begins as strep throat usually, streptococcus)
scar tissue fuses valve pieces - stenosis
valve replacement
antibiotics prevent this
123
varicose veins
breakdown of valves in veins with chronic dilation
heredity
obesity
prolonged standing
pregnancy
(edema, thrombosis, hemorrhage, ulceration)
124
hemorrhoid
varicose vein in rectum or anal canal
125
phlebitis
inflammation of veins - can stimulate thrombophlebitis
126
thrombophlebitis
blood clot formation in veins
127
deep vein thrombosis
reduction in drainage, can travel to places that are not good
128
clubbing
enlargement of fingers/toes as seen in poor peripheral circulation
129
occlusion
closing off/obstruction
130
lymph
fluid carried in lymphatic system
131
thoracic duct
Where lymph drains from lower body and upper left side, which then drains to the left subclavian vein
132
lymph node
small masses of lymphoid tissue, filter lymph as it passes
133
right lymphatic duct
drains upper right side into right subclavian vein
134
Tonsils
filter inhaled/swallowed materials and aid in immunity
135
thymus
above the heart, processes and stimulates lymphocytes
136
spleen
upper left abdomen
filters blood and destroys red blood cells
137
appendix
development of immunity
138
peyer patches
in lining of intestines, protect against microorganisms
139
How is lymphatic system related to fats
absorbs fats from small intestine and add to blood via thoracic duct
140
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic system
141
lymphaden/o
lymph node
142
lymphangi/o
lymphatic vessel
143
splen/o
spleen
144
thym/o
thymus
145
tonsil/o
tonsil
146
lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes
infection/change to lymphatic system
147
lymphangitis
inflammation of lymph vessels
infection/changes to lymphatic system
148
lymphedema
obstruction of lymphatic vessels can result in edema
surgery
infection
