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Medical Terminology > Chapter 10: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of

A

heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

layers of heart tissue

A

endocardium
myocardium
epicardium

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3
Q

endocardium

A

thin inner layer of heart tissue

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4
Q

myocardium

A

thick middle layer of heart tissue muscle

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5
Q

epicardium

A

thin outer layer that covers the heart

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6
Q

pericardium

A

thin fibrous sac that carries the heart and anchors to surrounding structures

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7
Q

atrium

A

heart’s upper receiving chambers

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8
Q

right atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae (superior and inferior)

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9
Q

left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the right and left pulmonary veins

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10
Q

ventricle

A

lower pumping chambers of the heart

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11
Q

right ventricle

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary arteries to be sent to the lungs

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12
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta to be sent to the rest of the body

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13
Q

heart septum

A

chambers of heart are divided by a septum

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14
Q

interventricular septum

A

divides ventricles

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15
Q

interatrial septum

A

divides atria

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16
Q

what are the two circuits that blood is pumped through in the heart

A

pulmonary circuit (pumping of deoxygenated blood - right)

systemic circuit (pumping of oxygenated blood - left)

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17
Q

heart valves

A

ONE WAY to keep blood flowing in one direction

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18
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

the valves between the atria and ventricles

tricuspid valve is RIGHT

mitral valve is LEFT

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19
Q

tricuspid valve

A

FIRST, right AV valve

three cusps

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20
Q

pulmonary valve

A

valve between pulmonary artery and right ventricle, SECOND

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21
Q

mitral valve

A

THIRD, left AV valve

bicuspid

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22
Q

aortic valve

A

valve between left ventricle and ascending aorta LAST

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23
Q

semilunar valves

A

the valves leading out of the ventricles; each have three cusps shaped like a half moon (pulmonary and aortic)

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24
Q

heart sounds

A

first is when AV valves close

second is when semilunar valves close

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25
Q

functional murmur

A

any sound made as the heart functions normally

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26
Q

murmur

A

an abnormal heart sound

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27
Q

coronary circulation

A

the blood vessels that supply the myocardium (which does not have contact with the blood in the heart)

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28
Q

which layer of heart tissue makes contact with the blood of the heart?

A

endocardium

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29
Q

why are coronary arteries named as such?

A

they encircle the heart like a crown

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30
Q

when do the coronary arteries receive blood?

A

when the aortic valve relaxes (it covers the vessels when open)

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31
Q

how do coronary arteries drain blood?

A

through the inferior vena cava

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32
Q

systole

A

heart contraction (first both atria, then both ventricles)

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33
Q

diastole

A

heart relaxation

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34
Q

flow of blood through heart

A

vena cavae - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - rest of body

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35
Q

pulse

A

increased pressure in vessels with ventricular contraction

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36
Q

how are cardiac contractions simulated

A

by NODES, Bundles, and purkinje fibers

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37
Q

sinoatrial node

A

right atrium

PACEMAKER - sets beat of heart

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38
Q

atrioventricular node

A

bottom of right atrium

  • branch between SA and AV stimulate atria
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39
Q

AV bundle

A

BUNDLE OF His

top of AV septum

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40
Q

bundle branches

A

travel along left and right side of septum

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41
Q

purkinje fibers

A

carry stimulation throughout walls of ventricles

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42
Q

flow of electrical conduction of heart

A

SA node - internodal pathways/AV node - AV bundle - bundle branches - purkinje fibers

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43
Q

ECG

A

electrocardiography

measures heart electrical activity as it functions

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44
Q

sinus rhythm

A

NORMAL

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45
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of atrial muslces

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46
Q

QRS

A

depolarization of ventricles (atrial repolarization happens here)

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47
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

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48
Q

U wave

A

after T wave and of unknown origin

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49
Q

vascular system

A

carry blood throughout body

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50
Q

arteries

A

blood away from heart

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51
Q

arterioles

A

vessels smaller than arteries that go to capillaries

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52
Q

capillaries

A

smallest vessels, exchange between blood and tissues

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53
Q

venules

A

small vessels that receive blood from capillaries, go to veins

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54
Q

veins

A

blood to heart

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55
Q

blood through vascular system

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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56
Q

Apex

A

point of bottom of heart (commonly phrased as the point of a cone-shaped structure)

points inferior to left, formed by LV

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57
Q

bundle branches

A

AV bundle branches that divide to the right and left sides of interventricular septum

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58
Q

depolarization

A

change from resting state electrical

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59
Q

repolarization

A

electrical return to resting state

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60
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

61
Q

atri/o

A

atrium

62
Q

ventricul/o

A

cavity/ventricle

63
Q

valv/o, valvul/o

A

valve

64
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

65
Q

vas/o, vascul/o

A

vessel, duct

66
Q

arter/o, arteri/o

A

artery

67
Q

arteriol/o

A

arteriole

68
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

69
Q

ven/o, ven/i

A

vein

70
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

71
Q

atherosclerosis

A

accumulation of fatty deposits in lining of artery

PLAQUE

72
Q

ischemia

A

when plaque builds up, hardens, and restricts blood flow to surrounding tissues

73
Q

when does plaque form

A

when small injuries occur to blood vessel

74
Q

dyslipidemia

A

abnormally high levels of lipoproteins (cholesterol LDLs)

75
Q

where is atherosclerosis most common

A

coronary, carotid, brain arteries/vessels

76
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

general term for vessel hardening due to any cause

(calcium buildup, scar tissue, etc)

77
Q

thrombosis

A

formation of blood clot on vessel (chances increase with atherosclerosis)

78
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

disrupts blood blow to tissue

79
Q

embolism

A

blockage of blood vessel

80
Q

embolus

A

mass that blocks the vessel (air, fat, bacteria, clotted blood)

81
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

embolus lodged in pulmonary artery, life threatening

82
Q

CVA

A

cerebrovascular accident

stroke

embolus from coronary circulation usually ends up here

83
Q

how are emboli treated

A

anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin)

84
Q

aneurysm

A

arterial wall is weakened and balloons

can happen via atherosclerosis

85
Q

dissecting aneurysm

A

blood hemorrhages into arterial wall’s middle layer and separates the muscle

can rupture the vessel (can be replaced with a graft)

stent can be placed so that blood only flows through that stent

86
Q

hypertensions effects

A

the size of the left ventricle to enlarge by overwork

87
Q

drugs used to treat hypertension

A

diuretic (water/salt loss via kidneys)

limit production of renin

blood vessel relaxants (adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers)

88
Q

coronary artery disease CAD

A

atherosclerosis of vessels that supply blood to heart

89
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain that signifies CAD (constriction around heart that radiates to left arm/shoulder)

90
Q

signs of CAD

A

angina pectoris
anxiety
diaphoresis
dyspnea

91
Q

CAD diagnosis

A

ECG
Stress tests
ECG
Coronary angiography

92
Q

coronary angiography

A

CT with contrast shows narrowing

93
Q

C-reactive protein

A

a substance indicated with CAD, produced with systemic inflammation/atherosclerosis

called CRP

94
Q

CAD treatment

A

diet/exercise
drugs
angioplasty, or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA

95
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

placement of a stent to keep vessel open

96
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

bypass blocked vessel with bypass graft (with veins)

97
Q

myocardial infarction

A

coronary artery occlusion

myocardial necrosis - infarct

heart attack

chest/upper GI pain, extend to jaw/arms, paleness, diaphoresis, nausea, fatigue, anxiety, dyspnea

98
Q

MI diagnosis

A

ECG, substance assay (creatine kinase MB, troponin)

99
Q

creatine kinase MB

A

if high this means that muscle tissue is injured

100
Q

troponin

A

increase may indicate MI

101
Q

arrythmia

A

irregular heart beat (extra beat, altered HR, change in pattern of beat)

102
Q

heart block

A

interruption of heart’s electrical conduction system, arrythmia

classified by bundle

103
Q

artificial pacemaker

A

inserted if SA node irregular

104
Q

fibrillation

A

fast irregular beat

caused by MI

105
Q

cardioversion

A

restoration of normal heart rhythm by drugs or electrical current

106
Q

defibrillation

A

pads used to stop fibrillation for cardioversion

107
Q

CPR

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

108
Q

AED

A

automated external defibrillators

109
Q

ablation

A

destruction of portion of conduction pathway that is involved in arrythmia

high frequency sound, cryoablation, electrical energy by intravascular catheter

110
Q

heart failure

A

condition where heart does not empty effectively

EDEMA

Congestive heart failure

111
Q

left sided heart failure

A

Pulmonary edema
dyspnea

112
Q

right sided heart failure

A

peripheral edema
tissue swelling
cyanosis
syncope

113
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

heart failure

114
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

loss of blood volume

115
Q

septic shock

A

bacterial infection

116
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

allergic reaction

117
Q

congenital heart defect

A

heart disease present at birth

118
Q

septal defect

A

hole in heart septum, most common congenital defect

119
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

bypass between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close

drug/surgery

120
Q

murmur

A

often caused by failure for valve to open/close correctly

121
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

narrowing, congenital, restricts blood flow

122
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

immune reaction post infection damages heart valves (begins as strep throat usually, streptococcus)

scar tissue fuses valve pieces - stenosis

valve replacement

antibiotics prevent this

123
Q

varicose veins

A

breakdown of valves in veins with chronic dilation
heredity
obesity
prolonged standing
pregnancy

(edema, thrombosis, hemorrhage, ulceration)

124
Q

hemorrhoid

A

varicose vein in rectum or anal canal

125
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of veins - can stimulate thrombophlebitis

126
Q

thrombophlebitis

A

blood clot formation in veins

127
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

reduction in drainage, can travel to places that are not good

128
Q

clubbing

A

enlargement of fingers/toes as seen in poor peripheral circulation

129
Q

occlusion

A

closing off/obstruction

130
Q

lymph

A

fluid carried in lymphatic system

131
Q

thoracic duct

A

Where lymph drains from lower body and upper left side, which then drains to the left subclavian vein

132
Q

lymph node

A

small masses of lymphoid tissue, filter lymph as it passes

133
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains upper right side into right subclavian vein

134
Q

Tonsils

A

filter inhaled/swallowed materials and aid in immunity

135
Q

thymus

A

above the heart, processes and stimulates lymphocytes

136
Q

spleen

A

upper left abdomen

filters blood and destroys red blood cells

137
Q

appendix

A

development of immunity

138
Q

peyer patches

A

in lining of intestines, protect against microorganisms

139
Q

How is lymphatic system related to fats

A

absorbs fats from small intestine and add to blood via thoracic duct

140
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, lymphatic system

141
Q

lymphaden/o

A

lymph node

142
Q

lymphangi/o

A

lymphatic vessel

143
Q

splen/o

A

spleen

144
Q

thym/o

A

thymus

145
Q

tonsil/o

A

tonsil

146
Q

lymphadenitis

A

inflammation of lymph nodes

infection/change to lymphatic system

147
Q

lymphangitis

A

inflammation of lymph vessels

infection/changes to lymphatic system

148
Q

lymphedema

A

obstruction of lymphatic vessels can result in edema

surgery
infection

Medical Terminology (17 decks)

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