Chapter 10: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Flashcards
what does the cardiovascular system consist of
heart and blood vessels
layers of heart tissue
endocardium
myocardium
epicardium
endocardium
thin inner layer of heart tissue
myocardium
thick middle layer of heart tissue muscle
epicardium
thin outer layer that covers the heart
pericardium
thin fibrous sac that carries the heart and anchors to surrounding structures
atrium
heart’s upper receiving chambers
right atrium
receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae (superior and inferior)
left atrium
receives oxygenated blood from the right and left pulmonary veins
ventricle
lower pumping chambers of the heart
right ventricle
pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary arteries to be sent to the lungs
left ventricle
pumps oxygenated blood to the aorta to be sent to the rest of the body
heart septum
chambers of heart are divided by a septum
interventricular septum
divides ventricles
interatrial septum
divides atria
what are the two circuits that blood is pumped through in the heart
pulmonary circuit (pumping of deoxygenated blood - right)
systemic circuit (pumping of oxygenated blood - left)
heart valves
ONE WAY to keep blood flowing in one direction
atrioventricular valves
the valves between the atria and ventricles
tricuspid valve is RIGHT
mitral valve is LEFT
tricuspid valve
FIRST, right AV valve
three cusps
pulmonary valve
valve between pulmonary artery and right ventricle, SECOND
mitral valve
THIRD, left AV valve
bicuspid
aortic valve
valve between left ventricle and ascending aorta LAST
semilunar valves
the valves leading out of the ventricles; each have three cusps shaped like a half moon (pulmonary and aortic)
heart sounds
first is when AV valves close
second is when semilunar valves close
functional murmur
any sound made as the heart functions normally
murmur
an abnormal heart sound
coronary circulation
the blood vessels that supply the myocardium (which does not have contact with the blood in the heart)
which layer of heart tissue makes contact with the blood of the heart?
endocardium
why are coronary arteries named as such?
they encircle the heart like a crown
when do the coronary arteries receive blood?
when the aortic valve relaxes (it covers the vessels when open)
how do coronary arteries drain blood?
through the inferior vena cava
systole
heart contraction (first both atria, then both ventricles)
diastole
heart relaxation
flow of blood through heart
vena cavae - right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - rest of body
pulse
increased pressure in vessels with ventricular contraction
how are cardiac contractions simulated
by NODES, Bundles, and purkinje fibers
sinoatrial node
right atrium
PACEMAKER - sets beat of heart
atrioventricular node
bottom of right atrium
- branch between SA and AV stimulate atria
AV bundle
BUNDLE OF His
top of AV septum
bundle branches
travel along left and right side of septum
purkinje fibers
carry stimulation throughout walls of ventricles
flow of electrical conduction of heart
SA node - internodal pathways/AV node - AV bundle - bundle branches - purkinje fibers
ECG
electrocardiography
measures heart electrical activity as it functions
sinus rhythm
NORMAL
P wave
depolarization of atrial muslces
QRS
depolarization of ventricles (atrial repolarization happens here)
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
U wave
after T wave and of unknown origin
vascular system
carry blood throughout body
arteries
blood away from heart
arterioles
vessels smaller than arteries that go to capillaries
capillaries
smallest vessels, exchange between blood and tissues
venules
small vessels that receive blood from capillaries, go to veins
veins
blood to heart
blood through vascular system
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Apex
point of bottom of heart (commonly phrased as the point of a cone-shaped structure)
points inferior to left, formed by LV
bundle branches
AV bundle branches that divide to the right and left sides of interventricular septum
depolarization
change from resting state electrical
repolarization
electrical return to resting state
cardi/o
heart
atri/o
atrium
ventricul/o
cavity/ventricle
valv/o, valvul/o
valve
angi/o
vessel
vas/o, vascul/o
vessel, duct
arter/o, arteri/o
artery
arteriol/o
arteriole
aort/o
aorta
ven/o, ven/i
vein
phleb/o
vein
atherosclerosis
accumulation of fatty deposits in lining of artery
PLAQUE
ischemia
when plaque builds up, hardens, and restricts blood flow to surrounding tissues
when does plaque form
when small injuries occur to blood vessel
dyslipidemia
abnormally high levels of lipoproteins (cholesterol LDLs)
where is atherosclerosis most common
coronary, carotid, brain arteries/vessels
arteriosclerosis
general term for vessel hardening due to any cause
(calcium buildup, scar tissue, etc)
thrombosis
formation of blood clot on vessel (chances increase with atherosclerosis)
thrombus
blood clot
disrupts blood blow to tissue
embolism
blockage of blood vessel
embolus
mass that blocks the vessel (air, fat, bacteria, clotted blood)
pulmonary embolism
embolus lodged in pulmonary artery, life threatening
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
stroke
embolus from coronary circulation usually ends up here
how are emboli treated
anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin)
aneurysm
arterial wall is weakened and balloons
can happen via atherosclerosis
dissecting aneurysm
blood hemorrhages into arterial wall’s middle layer and separates the muscle
can rupture the vessel (can be replaced with a graft)
stent can be placed so that blood only flows through that stent
hypertensions effects
the size of the left ventricle to enlarge by overwork
drugs used to treat hypertension
diuretic (water/salt loss via kidneys)
limit production of renin
blood vessel relaxants (adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers)
coronary artery disease CAD
atherosclerosis of vessels that supply blood to heart
angina pectoris
chest pain that signifies CAD (constriction around heart that radiates to left arm/shoulder)
signs of CAD
angina pectoris
anxiety
diaphoresis
dyspnea
CAD diagnosis
ECG
Stress tests
ECG
Coronary angiography
coronary angiography
CT with contrast shows narrowing
C-reactive protein
a substance indicated with CAD, produced with systemic inflammation/atherosclerosis
called CRP
CAD treatment
diet/exercise
drugs
angioplasty, or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTCA
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
placement of a stent to keep vessel open
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
bypass blocked vessel with bypass graft (with veins)
myocardial infarction
coronary artery occlusion
myocardial necrosis - infarct
heart attack
chest/upper GI pain, extend to jaw/arms, paleness, diaphoresis, nausea, fatigue, anxiety, dyspnea
MI diagnosis
ECG, substance assay (creatine kinase MB, troponin)
creatine kinase MB
if high this means that muscle tissue is injured
troponin
increase may indicate MI
arrythmia
irregular heart beat (extra beat, altered HR, change in pattern of beat)
heart block
interruption of heart’s electrical conduction system, arrythmia
classified by bundle
artificial pacemaker
inserted if SA node irregular
fibrillation
fast irregular beat
caused by MI
cardioversion
restoration of normal heart rhythm by drugs or electrical current
defibrillation
pads used to stop fibrillation for cardioversion
CPR
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
AED
automated external defibrillators
ablation
destruction of portion of conduction pathway that is involved in arrythmia
high frequency sound, cryoablation, electrical energy by intravascular catheter
heart failure
condition where heart does not empty effectively
EDEMA
Congestive heart failure
left sided heart failure
Pulmonary edema
dyspnea
right sided heart failure
peripheral edema
tissue swelling
cyanosis
syncope
cardiogenic shock
heart failure
hypovolemic shock
loss of blood volume
septic shock
bacterial infection
anaphylactic shock
allergic reaction
congenital heart defect
heart disease present at birth
septal defect
hole in heart septum, most common congenital defect
patent ductus arteriosus
bypass between pulmonary artery and aorta fails to close
drug/surgery
murmur
often caused by failure for valve to open/close correctly
coarctation of aorta
narrowing, congenital, restricts blood flow
rheumatic heart disease
immune reaction post infection damages heart valves (begins as strep throat usually, streptococcus)
scar tissue fuses valve pieces - stenosis
valve replacement
antibiotics prevent this
varicose veins
breakdown of valves in veins with chronic dilation
heredity
obesity
prolonged standing
pregnancy
(edema, thrombosis, hemorrhage, ulceration)
hemorrhoid
varicose vein in rectum or anal canal
phlebitis
inflammation of veins - can stimulate thrombophlebitis
thrombophlebitis
blood clot formation in veins
deep vein thrombosis
reduction in drainage, can travel to places that are not good
clubbing
enlargement of fingers/toes as seen in poor peripheral circulation
occlusion
closing off/obstruction
lymph
fluid carried in lymphatic system
thoracic duct
Where lymph drains from lower body and upper left side, which then drains to the left subclavian vein
lymph node
small masses of lymphoid tissue, filter lymph as it passes
right lymphatic duct
drains upper right side into right subclavian vein
Tonsils
filter inhaled/swallowed materials and aid in immunity
thymus
above the heart, processes and stimulates lymphocytes
spleen
upper left abdomen
filters blood and destroys red blood cells
appendix
development of immunity
peyer patches
in lining of intestines, protect against microorganisms
How is lymphatic system related to fats
absorbs fats from small intestine and add to blood via thoracic duct
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic system
lymphaden/o
lymph node
lymphangi/o
lymphatic vessel
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus
tonsil/o
tonsil
lymphadenitis
inflammation of lymph nodes
infection/change to lymphatic system
lymphangitis
inflammation of lymph vessels
infection/changes to lymphatic system
lymphedema
obstruction of lymphatic vessels can result in edema
surgery
infection
