Chapter 3 Disease and Treatment Flashcards
pathogen
disease causing agent
parasite
lives at expense of another organ
trauma
injury
lesion
distinct area of damaged tissue; injury or wound
necrosis
death of tissue
prolapse
dropping
etiology
cause of disease
cocci
round bacteria, may be in clusters, chains, or other formations
pneumonia, gonorrhea
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
tetanus, typhoid, salmonella
vibrios
short curved rod shaped bacteria
cholera
spirochetes
corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with twisting motion
lyme, syphilis
chlamydia
SMALL bacteria with complex life cycles that grow in cells
conjunctivitis, trachoma
riskettsia
SMALL bacteria that grow in cells
typhus
protozoa
single celled animals
helminths
worms
sepsis
presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the body
how do microorganisms produce disease
release of toxins
Signs of inflammation
heat
pain
redness
swelling
edema
swelling or accumulation of fluid in the tissues
phagocytosis
used to rid of harmful microorganisms, damaged cells, and harmful debris
some white blood cells can engulf and destroy internally
pus
remains of phagocytic cells, fluid, and white blood cells
immunity
all our defenses against infectious disease
eg inflammation/phagocytosis
adaptive immunity
immunity we acquire from exposure to disease organisms
natural, vaccine induced
neoplasia
abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue
benign
neoplasm does not spread
metastasis
neoplasm spreading to other tissues
malignant
neoplasm can spread to other tissues, also called cancer
carcinoma
malignant tumor that involves epithelial tissue
sarcoma
neoplasm that involves connective tissue/muscle
cyst
sac or pouch filled with fluid/semisolid material, not cancerous. normal bladder/sac
benign
not recurrent or malignant, favorable for recovery
gram stain
lab divides bacteria into 2 groups; gram pos (purple stain) and gram neg (red stain)
hernia
protrusion of organ through abnormal opening, RUPTURE
microorganism
organism too small to be seen without microscope
neoplasm
tumor, abnormal growth, benign or malignant
parasite
organism that grows in host to cause damage
pathogen
organism capable of causing disease
prolapse
dropping or downward displacement of organ or part
PTOSIS
alg/o
pain
algi/o
pain
algesi/o
pain
carcin/o
cancer, carcinoma
cyst/o
filled sac/pouch, cyst, bladder
lith
calculus, stone
onc/o
tumor
path/o
disease
py/o
pus
pyr/o, pyret/o
fever, fire
scler/o
hard
tox/o, toxic/o
poison
brady-
slow
dys-
abnormal, painful, difficult
mal-
bad, poor
pachy-
thich
tachy-
rapid
xero-
dry
-algia
pain
-algesia
pain
-cele
hernia, localized dilation
-clasis, -clasia
breaking
-megaly
enlargement
-odynia
pain
-oma
tumor-
-pathy
any disease of
-rhage
bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage
-rhagia
bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage
-rhea
flow, discharge
-schisis
fissure, splitting
dilation
expansion, widening
ectasia, ectasis
dilation, distension
lysis
separation, loosening, dissolving, distruction
malacia
softening
sclerosis
hardening
spasm
sudden contraction, cramp
stasis
suppression, stoppage
stenosis
narrowing, constriction
staphylo-
grape-like cluster
strepto-
chain
bacill/i, bacill/o
bacillus
bacteri/o
bacterium
myc/o
mold
vir/o
virus
acid-fast stain
lab staining procedure, identify TB
endemic
low level but continuous occurrence
epidemic
many people in region at same time
exacerbation
worsening of disease
iatrogenic
caused by effects of treatment
idiopathic
no known cause
in situ
localized, noninvasive; tumors that do not spread
normal flora
The microorganisms that normally live on or in the body and are generally harmless and often
beneficial but can cause disease under special circumstances, such as injury or failure of the immune
system
nosocomial
infection acquired in hospital
opportunistic
infection that occurs because of host’s poor or altered condition
pandemic
disease that goes through entire region or world
remission
lessening of disease symptoms
septicemia
presence of pathogenic bacteria in blood
systemic
pertaining to whole body
abcess
collection of pus
adhesion
uniting of two surfaces that are normally apart
anaplasia
lack of normal differentiation (tumor growth)
ascites
accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity
cellulitis
spreading inflammation of tissue
effusion
escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part
exudate
material that escapes from blood vessels as result of injury
fissure
groove or split
fistula
abnormal passage between organs or from organ to surface of body
gangrene
death of tissue by lack of blood supply/infection
hyperplasia
excessive growth of cells in normal arrangement (can be pathologic)
hypertrophy
increase in size or organ without more cells, can result from exercise (muscles)
induration
hardening of spot or place
metaplasia
cells converted to form that is not normal for the tissue
polyp
tumor attached by thin stalk
purulent
containing/forming pus
suppuration
pus formation
AF
acid fast
CA, Ca
cancer
CIS
carcinoma in situ
FUO
fever of unknown origin
GM+
gram positive
GM-
gram negative
MDR
multidrug resistantM
MRSA
methicillin-resistant S. aureus
Staph
Staphylococcus
strep
streptococcus
VRSA
vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
inspection
visual exam
palpation
touching surface of body
percussion
tapping to hear sounds
auscultation
listening with stethoscope
sphygmomanometer
(sfig-mo-mah-NOM-eh-ter)
blood pressure cuff
opthalmoscope
eye exam
otoscope
ear exam
endoscope
instrument used to examine body cavities
biopsy
removal of tissue for microscopic examination
radiography
use of x-rays for imagery
preferred for dense tissues (bone)
cineradiography
motion picture of successive images appearing on fluoroscopic screen
CT scan
computed tomography
use of computer to generate image from large number of xrays passed at different angles through body; 3D image of cross-section of body is obtained; better for soft tissue than simple radiography
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
magnetic field, characteristics of tissue revealed by differences in magnetic properties
PET
positron emission tomography
sectional body images after administration of radioactively labelled substance (eg glucose), then interpreted by computer to show distribution of substance (blood flow of organ/metabolic activity of organ)
radiography
x-rays passed through body to make visual record or radiograph of internal structures (film or digital)
scintigraphy
radioactive substance administered with subsequent radiograph
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
scintigraph technique that permits one to see radioisotope’s cross sectional distribution
ultrasonography
also called sonography
visual images from echoes of high frequency sound waves, also called echography
bougie
slender, flexible for exploring and dilating tubes
cannula
tube enclosing trocar that allows escape of fluid or air after removal of trocar
clamp
instrument to compress tissue
curet
(curette) spoon shaped for removing tissue from wall of surface
elevator
instrument to lift tissue/bone
forceps
holding/extracting
gigli saw
flexible wire saw
hemostat
small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel
rasp
surgical file
retractor
instrument used to maintain exposure by holding back tissues
rongeur
gouge forceps (used to gouge out bone)
scalpel
surgical knife with sharp blade
scissors
opposing blades
sound
instrument for exploring cavity/canal
trocar
sharp pointed instrument contained in cannula to puncture a cavity
cautery
destruction of tissues by damaging agent (chemical, heat, electric current, cauterization)
chemotherapy
use of chemicals to treat disease
endoscope
instrument used for viewing body cavities through small incision
excision
removal by cutting
fixation
holding/fastening a structure in a firm position