Chapter 3 Disease and Treatment Flashcards
1
Q
pathogen
A
disease causing agent
2
Q
parasite
A
lives at expense of another organ
3
Q
trauma
A
injury
4
Q
lesion
A
distinct area of damaged tissue; injury or wound
5
Q
necrosis
A
death of tissue
6
Q
prolapse
A
dropping
7
Q
etiology
A
cause of disease
8
Q
cocci
A
round bacteria, may be in clusters, chains, or other formations
pneumonia, gonorrhea
9
Q
bacilli
A
rod-shaped bacteria
tetanus, typhoid, salmonella
10
Q
vibrios
A
short curved rod shaped bacteria
cholera
11
Q
spirochetes
A
corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with twisting motion
lyme, syphilis
12
Q
chlamydia
A
SMALL bacteria with complex life cycles that grow in cells
conjunctivitis, trachoma
13
Q
riskettsia
A
SMALL bacteria that grow in cells
typhus
14
Q
protozoa
A
single celled animals
15
Q
helminths
A
worms
16
Q
sepsis
A
presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the body
17
Q
how do microorganisms produce disease
A
release of toxins
18
Q
Signs of inflammation
A
heat
pain
redness
swelling
19
Q
edema
A
swelling or accumulation of fluid in the tissues
20
Q
phagocytosis
A
used to rid of harmful microorganisms, damaged cells, and harmful debris
some white blood cells can engulf and destroy internally
21
Q
pus
A
remains of phagocytic cells, fluid, and white blood cells
22
Q
immunity
A
all our defenses against infectious disease
eg inflammation/phagocytosis
23
Q
adaptive immunity
A
immunity we acquire from exposure to disease organisms
natural, vaccine induced
24
Q
neoplasia
A
abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue
25
benign
neoplasm does not spread
26
metastasis
neoplasm spreading to other tissues
27
malignant
neoplasm can spread to other tissues, also called cancer
28
carcinoma
malignant tumor that involves epithelial tissue
29
sarcoma
neoplasm that involves connective tissue/muscle
30
cyst
sac or pouch filled with fluid/semisolid material, not cancerous. normal bladder/sac
31
benign
not recurrent or malignant, favorable for recovery
32
gram stain
lab divides bacteria into 2 groups; gram pos (purple stain) and gram neg (red stain)
33
hernia
protrusion of organ through abnormal opening, RUPTURE
34
microorganism
organism too small to be seen without microscope
35
neoplasm
tumor, abnormal growth, benign or malignant
36
parasite
organism that grows in host to cause damage
37
pathogen
organism capable of causing disease
38
prolapse
dropping or downward displacement of organ or part
PTOSIS
39
alg/o
pain
40
algi/o
pain
41
algesi/o
pain
42
carcin/o
cancer, carcinoma
43
cyst/o
filled sac/pouch, cyst, bladder
44
lith
calculus, stone
45
onc/o
tumor
46
path/o
disease
47
py/o
pus
48
pyr/o, pyret/o
fever, fire
49
scler/o
hard
50
tox/o, toxic/o
poison
51
brady-
slow
52
dys-
abnormal, painful, difficult
53
mal-
bad, poor
54
pachy-
thich
55
tachy-
rapid
56
xero-
dry
57
-algia
pain
58
-algesia
pain
59
-cele
hernia, localized dilation
60
-clasis, -clasia
breaking
61
-megaly
enlargement
62
-odynia
pain
63
-oma
tumor-
64
-pathy
any disease of
65
-rhage
bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage
66
-rhagia
bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage
67
-rhea
flow, discharge
68
-schisis
fissure, splitting
69
dilation
expansion, widening
70
ectasia, ectasis
dilation, distension
71
lysis
separation, loosening, dissolving, distruction
72
malacia
softening
73
sclerosis
hardening
74
spasm
sudden contraction, cramp
75
stasis
suppression, stoppage
76
stenosis
narrowing, constriction
77
staphylo-
grape-like cluster
78
strepto-
chain
79
bacill/i, bacill/o
bacillus
80
bacteri/o
bacterium
81
myc/o
mold
82
vir/o
virus
83
acid-fast stain
lab staining procedure, identify TB
84
endemic
low level but continuous occurrence
85
epidemic
many people in region at same time
86
exacerbation
worsening of disease
87
iatrogenic
caused by effects of treatment
88
idiopathic
no known cause
89
in situ
localized, noninvasive; tumors that do not spread
90
normal flora
The microorganisms that normally live on or in the body and are generally harmless and often
beneficial but can cause disease under special circumstances, such as injury or failure of the immune
system
91
nosocomial
infection acquired in hospital
92
opportunistic
infection that occurs because of host's poor or altered condition
93
pandemic
disease that goes through entire region or world
94
remission
lessening of disease symptoms
95
septicemia
presence of pathogenic bacteria in blood
96
systemic
pertaining to whole body
97
abcess
collection of pus
98
adhesion
uniting of two surfaces that are normally apart
99
anaplasia
lack of normal differentiation (tumor growth)
100
ascites
accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity
101
cellulitis
spreading inflammation of tissue
102
effusion
escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part
103
exudate
material that escapes from blood vessels as result of injury
104
fissure
groove or split
105
fistula
abnormal passage between organs or from organ to surface of body
106
gangrene
death of tissue by lack of blood supply/infection
107
hyperplasia
excessive growth of cells in normal arrangement (can be pathologic)
108
hypertrophy
increase in size or organ without more cells, can result from exercise (muscles)
109
induration
hardening of spot or place
110
metaplasia
cells converted to form that is not normal for the tissue
111
polyp
tumor attached by thin stalk
112
purulent
containing/forming pus
113
suppuration
pus formation
114
AF
acid fast
115
CA, Ca
cancer
116
CIS
carcinoma in situ
117
FUO
fever of unknown origin
118
GM+
gram positive
119
GM-
gram negative
120
MDR
multidrug resistantM
121
MRSA
methicillin-resistant S. aureus
122
Staph
Staphylococcus
123
strep
streptococcus
124
VRSA
vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
125
inspection
visual exam
126
palpation
touching surface of body
127
percussion
tapping to hear sounds
128
auscultation
listening with stethoscope
129
sphygmomanometer
(sfig-mo-mah-NOM-eh-ter)
blood pressure cuff
130
opthalmoscope
eye exam
131
otoscope
ear exam
132
endoscope
instrument used to examine body cavities
133
biopsy
removal of tissue for microscopic examination
134
radiography
use of x-rays for imagery
preferred for dense tissues (bone)
135
cineradiography
motion picture of successive images appearing on fluoroscopic screen
136
CT scan
computed tomography
use of computer to generate image from large number of xrays passed at different angles through body; 3D image of cross-section of body is obtained; better for soft tissue than simple radiography
137
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
magnetic field, characteristics of tissue revealed by differences in magnetic properties
138
PET
positron emission tomography
sectional body images after administration of radioactively labelled substance (eg glucose), then interpreted by computer to show distribution of substance (blood flow of organ/metabolic activity of organ)
139
radiography
x-rays passed through body to make visual record or radiograph of internal structures (film or digital)
140
scintigraphy
radioactive substance administered with subsequent radiograph
141
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
scintigraph technique that permits one to see radioisotope's cross sectional distribution
142
ultrasonography
also called sonography
visual images from echoes of high frequency sound waves, also called echography
143
bougie
slender, flexible for exploring and dilating tubes
144
cannula
tube enclosing trocar that allows escape of fluid or air after removal of trocar
145
clamp
instrument to compress tissue
146
curet
(curette) spoon shaped for removing tissue from wall of surface
147
elevator
instrument to lift tissue/bone
148
forceps
holding/extracting
149
gigli saw
flexible wire saw
150
hemostat
small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel
151
rasp
surgical file
152
retractor
instrument used to maintain exposure by holding back tissues
153
rongeur
gouge forceps (used to gouge out bone)
154
scalpel
surgical knife with sharp blade
155
scissors
opposing blades
156
sound
instrument for exploring cavity/canal
157
trocar
sharp pointed instrument contained in cannula to puncture a cavity
158
cautery
destruction of tissues by damaging agent (chemical, heat, electric current, cauterization)
159
chemotherapy
use of chemicals to treat disease
160
endoscope
instrument used for viewing body cavities through small incision
161
excision
removal by cutting
162
fixation
holding/fastening a structure in a firm position
163
grading
evaluating a tumor based on microscopic examination
164
immunotherapy
treatment by suppressing immune system (specifically or nonspecifically)
165
inspection
visual exam of body
166
laser
device transforms light into beam of intense heat/power; surgery and diagnosis
167
opthalmoscope
instrument for examining interior of eye
168
otoscope
instrument to examine ears
169
palliative therapy
relief but not cure
170
prognosis
prediction of disease course/outcome
171
sign
objective evidence of disease is observed/tested (objective symptom, eg fever)
172
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff
173
staging
classifying malignant tumors for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
174
biofeedback
learning control of involuntary physiologic responses;
electronic devices monitor bodily changes, report back to user
175
naturopathy
people heal themselves with healthy lifestyles
176
osteopathy
body can overcome diseases when it has normal structure, favorable environment, and proper nutrition
still use standard medical practice otherwise
177
aer/o
air, gas
178
bar/o
pressure
179
chrom/o, chromat/o
color, stain
180
chron/o
time
181
cry/o
cold
182
electr/o
electricity
183
erg/o
work
184
phon/o
sound/voice
185
phot/o
light
186
radi/o
radiation, x-ray
187
son/o
sound
188
therm/o
heat, temperature
189
-graph
instrument for recording data
190
-graphy
act of recording data
191
-gram
record of data
192
-meter
instrument for measuring
193
-metry
measurement of
194
-scope
instrument for viewing or examining
195
-scopy
examination of
196
-centesis
puncture, tap
197
-desis
binding, fusion
198
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
199
-pexy
surgical fixation
200
-plasty
plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction
201
-rhaphy
surgical repair, suture
202
-stomy
surgical creation of an opening
203
-tome
instrument for incising
204
-tomy
incision, cutting
205
-tripsy
crushing
206
clubbing
enlargement of fingers/toes because of soft tissue growth of nails (lung/heart disease)
207
colic
acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms
208
syanosis
blue discoloration of skin
209
diaphoresis
profuse swaeting
210
malaise
discomfort or uneasiness (indicative of disease)
211
nocturnal
pertaining to or occurring at night
212
pallor
paleness, lack of color
213
proprome
symptom indicating an approaching disease
214
sequela
lasting effect of a disease
215
syncope
loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to brain, fainting
216
AFP
alphafetoprotein
fetal protein that appears in blood of adults with certain cancers
217
bruit
sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation
218
facies
expression or appearance of face
219
febrile
pertaining to fever
220
nuclear medicine
medicine as it pertains to use of radioactive substances for diagnosis, therapy, and research
221
radiology
radiation in diagnosis and treatment of disease
222
radionuclide
substance that gives off radiation
223
speculum
instrument for examining a canal
224
syndrome
group of signs/symptoms that together characterize a disease condition
225
catheter
thin tube passed into body; for fluids to go in/out
226
clysis
fluid introduced into body NOT orally
227
irrigation
flushing a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid
228
lavage
washing out of a cavity, irrigation
229
normal saline
salt solution compatible with living cells
230
paracentesis
puncture of cavity for removal of fluid
231
prophylaxis
prevention of disease
232
drain
device for allowing matter to escape from wound/cavity
233
ligature
tie or bandage, process of binding or tying
234
1°
primary
234
resection
partial excision of a structure
234
stapling
joining of tissue by staples; put into tissue then bent
234
R with circle around it
right
234
2°
secondary
235
∆
change
235
L with circle around it
left
236
↑
increase(d)
237
↓
decrease(d)
238
°
degree
239
∧
above
240
∨
below
241
=
equal to
242
≠
not equal to
243
±
doubtful, slight
244
∼
approximately
245
x
times
246
#
number, pound
247
ADL
activities of daily livingq
248
BP
blood pressure
249
bpm
beats per minute
250
C
celcius (centigrade)
251
CC
chief complaint
252
c/o, co
complains of
253
EOMI
extraocular muscles intact
254
ETOH
alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
255
F
fahrenheit
256
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose, throat
257
HIPPA
heath insurance portability and accountability act
258
h/o
history of
259
H&P
history and physical
260
HPI
history of present illness
261
HR
heart rate
262
Hx
history
263
I&O
intake and output
264
IPPA
inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
265
IVDA
intravenous drug abise
266
NAD
no apparent distress
267
NKDA
no known drug allergies
268
P
pulse
269
PE
physical examination
270
PE(R)RLA
pupils equal (regular) react to light and accommodation
271
PMH
past medical history
272
pt
patient
273
R
respiration
274
R/O
rule out
275
ROS
review of symptoms
276
T
temp
277
TPR
temp, pulse, respiration
278
VS
vital signs
279
WD
well developed
280
WNL
within normal limits
281
w/o
without
282
y/o, YO
years old, year-old
283
ABC
aspiration biopsy cytology
284
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
285
BS
bowel sounds, breath sounds
286
bx
biopsy
287
CAM
complementary and alternative medicine
288
Ci
Curie (unit of radioactivity)
289
C&S
culture and (drug) sensitivity (of bacteria)
290
CT
computed tomography
291
D/C, dc
discontinue
292
Dx
diagnosis
293
EBL
estimated blood loss
294
I&D
incision and drainage
295
MET
metastasis
296
NCCAM
national center for complementary and alternative medicine
297
NS, N/S
normal saline
298
PCA
patient controlled analgesia
299
PET
positron emission tomography
300
PICC
peripherally inserted central catheter
301
PSS
physiologic saline solution
302
RATx
radiation therapy
303
Rx
drug, prescription, therapy
304
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
305
TNM
(primary) tumor, (regional lymph) nodes, (distant) metastases
306
AP
anteroposterior
307
LL
left lateral
308
PA
posteroanterior
309
RL
right lateral
310
AMB
ambulatory
311
BRP
bathroom privileges
312
CBR
complete bed rest
313
KVO
keep vain open
314
NPO
non per os, nothing by mouth
315
OOB
out of bed
316
QNS
quantity not sufficient
317
QS
quantity sufficient
318
STAT
immediately
319
TKO
to keep open
320
efficacy
effectiveness
321
contraindications
reasons not to have drug based on personal reasons of a patient
322
synergy
drug combo that has a greater effect together than when acting by themselves
323
potenitation
drug combo that has a greater effect together than when acting by themselves
324
generic name
chemical name of drug, not capitalized
325
phytomedicine
plant or herbal medicine to treat disease
326
antagonist
substances interferes or opposes with other drug
327
potentiation
potency increased by two drugs acting together
328
absorption
drug taken into circulation by digestive tract or transfer across another membrane
329
instillation
liquid put into body cavity on surface of body (ear, nose, eye)
330
sublingual
administered under tongue
331
topical
applied to skin
332
transdermal
absorbed through skin
333
epidural
injected into space between meninges and spine
334
hypodermoclysis
administration of solution by subcutaneous infusion
335
ID
intradermal
injected into skin
336
IM
intramuscular
injected into muscle
337
IV
intravenous
injected into a vein
338
spinal
intrathecal
injected through meninges into spinal fluid
339
SC
subcutaneous, beneath the skin
340
aerosol
solution dispersed as mist to be inhaled
341
aqueous solution
substance dissolved into water
342
elixir
clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid for oral use
343
emulsion
mixture where one liquid is dispersed but not dissolved in another liquid
344
suspension
fine particles dispersed in liquid, must shake before use
345
tincture
substance dissolved in alcoholic solution
346
suppository
substance mixed and molded with base that melts easily when inserted into body opening
347
tablet
dose form containing a drug in a pure state or mixed with nonactive ingredient and prepared by compression or molding
348
ampule
sealed glass container for sterile IV solution
349
bolus
concentrated diagnostic or therapeutic substance given rapidly through IV
350
vial
small glass or plastic container
351
-lytic
dissolving, reducing, loosening
352
mimetic
mimicking, simulating
353
-tropic
acting on
354
hypn/o
sleep
355
narc/o
stupor
356
vas/o
vessel
357
pyr/o, pyret/o
fever
358
APAP
acetaminophen
359
ASA
aspirin
360
ASHP
american society of health system pharmacists
361
cap
capsule
362
elix
elixir
363
INH
isoniazid (antituberculosis drug)
364
ODS
office of dietary supplements
365
OTC
over the counter
366
PDR
physicians' desk reference
367
supp
suppository
368
susp
suspension
369
tab
tablet
370
tinct
tincture
371
ung
ointment
372
USP
united states pharmacopeia
373
ā
before (latin, anti)
374
āā
of each (Greek, ana)
375
ac
ante cibum, before meals
376
ad lib
ad libitum, as desired
377
aq
water, aqua
378
BID
bis in die, twice a day
379
_
c
cum, with
380
DAW
dispense as written
381
DS
double strength
382
hs
hora somni, at bedtime
383
LA
long acting
384
mcg
microgram
385
p
after, post
386
pc
post cibum, after meals
387
po
per os, by mouth
388
pp
postprandial, after a meal
389
prn
pro re nata, as needed
390
qam
quaque hora meridiem, every morning
391
qy
quaque hora, every hour
392
qid
quater in die, four times a day
393
_
s
sine, latin without
394
SA
sustained action
395
SC, SQ
subcutaneously
396
SL
sublingually
397
SR
sustained release
398
__
ss
semis, half
399
tid
ter in die, three times a day
400
U
unit
401
x
times
