Chapter 3 Disease and Treatment Flashcards
pathogen
disease causing agent
parasite
lives at expense of another organ
trauma
injury
lesion
distinct area of damaged tissue; injury or wound
necrosis
death of tissue
prolapse
dropping
etiology
cause of disease
cocci
round bacteria, may be in clusters, chains, or other formations
pneumonia, gonorrhea
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
tetanus, typhoid, salmonella
vibrios
short curved rod shaped bacteria
cholera
spirochetes
corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with twisting motion
lyme, syphilis
chlamydia
SMALL bacteria with complex life cycles that grow in cells
conjunctivitis, trachoma
riskettsia
SMALL bacteria that grow in cells
typhus
protozoa
single celled animals
helminths
worms
sepsis
presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the body
how do microorganisms produce disease
release of toxins
Signs of inflammation
heat
pain
redness
swelling
edema
swelling or accumulation of fluid in the tissues
phagocytosis
used to rid of harmful microorganisms, damaged cells, and harmful debris
some white blood cells can engulf and destroy internally
pus
remains of phagocytic cells, fluid, and white blood cells
immunity
all our defenses against infectious disease
eg inflammation/phagocytosis
adaptive immunity
immunity we acquire from exposure to disease organisms
natural, vaccine induced
neoplasia
abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue
benign
neoplasm does not spread
metastasis
neoplasm spreading to other tissues
malignant
neoplasm can spread to other tissues, also called cancer
carcinoma
malignant tumor that involves epithelial tissue
sarcoma
neoplasm that involves connective tissue/muscle
cyst
sac or pouch filled with fluid/semisolid material, not cancerous. normal bladder/sac
benign
not recurrent or malignant, favorable for recovery
gram stain
lab divides bacteria into 2 groups; gram pos (purple stain) and gram neg (red stain)
hernia
protrusion of organ through abnormal opening, RUPTURE
microorganism
organism too small to be seen without microscope
neoplasm
tumor, abnormal growth, benign or malignant
parasite
organism that grows in host to cause damage
pathogen
organism capable of causing disease
prolapse
dropping or downward displacement of organ or part
PTOSIS
alg/o
pain
algi/o
pain
algesi/o
pain
carcin/o
cancer, carcinoma
cyst/o
filled sac/pouch, cyst, bladder
lith
calculus, stone
onc/o
tumor
path/o
disease
py/o
pus
pyr/o, pyret/o
fever, fire
scler/o
hard
tox/o, toxic/o
poison
brady-
slow
dys-
abnormal, painful, difficult
mal-
bad, poor
pachy-
thich
tachy-
rapid
xero-
dry
-algia
pain
-algesia
pain
-cele
hernia, localized dilation
-clasis, -clasia
breaking
-megaly
enlargement
-odynia
pain
-oma
tumor-
-pathy
any disease of
-rhage
bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage
-rhagia
bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage
-rhea
flow, discharge
-schisis
fissure, splitting
dilation
expansion, widening
ectasia, ectasis
dilation, distension
lysis
separation, loosening, dissolving, distruction
malacia
softening
sclerosis
hardening
spasm
sudden contraction, cramp
stasis
suppression, stoppage
stenosis
narrowing, constriction
staphylo-
grape-like cluster
strepto-
chain
bacill/i, bacill/o
bacillus
bacteri/o
bacterium
myc/o
mold
vir/o
virus
acid-fast stain
lab staining procedure, identify TB
endemic
low level but continuous occurrence
epidemic
many people in region at same time
exacerbation
worsening of disease
iatrogenic
caused by effects of treatment
idiopathic
no known cause
in situ
localized, noninvasive; tumors that do not spread
normal flora
The microorganisms that normally live on or in the body and are generally harmless and often
beneficial but can cause disease under special circumstances, such as injury or failure of the immune
system
nosocomial
infection acquired in hospital
opportunistic
infection that occurs because of host’s poor or altered condition
pandemic
disease that goes through entire region or world
remission
lessening of disease symptoms
septicemia
presence of pathogenic bacteria in blood
systemic
pertaining to whole body
abcess
collection of pus
adhesion
uniting of two surfaces that are normally apart
anaplasia
lack of normal differentiation (tumor growth)
ascites
accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity
cellulitis
spreading inflammation of tissue
effusion
escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part
exudate
material that escapes from blood vessels as result of injury
fissure
groove or split
fistula
abnormal passage between organs or from organ to surface of body
gangrene
death of tissue by lack of blood supply/infection
hyperplasia
excessive growth of cells in normal arrangement (can be pathologic)
hypertrophy
increase in size or organ without more cells, can result from exercise (muscles)
induration
hardening of spot or place
metaplasia
cells converted to form that is not normal for the tissue
polyp
tumor attached by thin stalk
purulent
containing/forming pus
suppuration
pus formation
AF
acid fast
CA, Ca
cancer
CIS
carcinoma in situ
FUO
fever of unknown origin
GM+
gram positive
GM-
gram negative
MDR
multidrug resistantM
MRSA
methicillin-resistant S. aureus
Staph
Staphylococcus
strep
streptococcus
VRSA
vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
inspection
visual exam
palpation
touching surface of body
percussion
tapping to hear sounds
auscultation
listening with stethoscope
sphygmomanometer
(sfig-mo-mah-NOM-eh-ter)
blood pressure cuff
opthalmoscope
eye exam
otoscope
ear exam
endoscope
instrument used to examine body cavities
biopsy
removal of tissue for microscopic examination
radiography
use of x-rays for imagery
preferred for dense tissues (bone)
cineradiography
motion picture of successive images appearing on fluoroscopic screen
CT scan
computed tomography
use of computer to generate image from large number of xrays passed at different angles through body; 3D image of cross-section of body is obtained; better for soft tissue than simple radiography
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
magnetic field, characteristics of tissue revealed by differences in magnetic properties
PET
positron emission tomography
sectional body images after administration of radioactively labelled substance (eg glucose), then interpreted by computer to show distribution of substance (blood flow of organ/metabolic activity of organ)
radiography
x-rays passed through body to make visual record or radiograph of internal structures (film or digital)
scintigraphy
radioactive substance administered with subsequent radiograph
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
scintigraph technique that permits one to see radioisotope’s cross sectional distribution
ultrasonography
also called sonography
visual images from echoes of high frequency sound waves, also called echography
bougie
slender, flexible for exploring and dilating tubes
cannula
tube enclosing trocar that allows escape of fluid or air after removal of trocar
clamp
instrument to compress tissue
curet
(curette) spoon shaped for removing tissue from wall of surface
elevator
instrument to lift tissue/bone
forceps
holding/extracting
gigli saw
flexible wire saw
hemostat
small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel
rasp
surgical file
retractor
instrument used to maintain exposure by holding back tissues
rongeur
gouge forceps (used to gouge out bone)
scalpel
surgical knife with sharp blade
scissors
opposing blades
sound
instrument for exploring cavity/canal
trocar
sharp pointed instrument contained in cannula to puncture a cavity
cautery
destruction of tissues by damaging agent (chemical, heat, electric current, cauterization)
chemotherapy
use of chemicals to treat disease
endoscope
instrument used for viewing body cavities through small incision
excision
removal by cutting
fixation
holding/fastening a structure in a firm position
grading
evaluating a tumor based on microscopic examination
immunotherapy
treatment by suppressing immune system (specifically or nonspecifically)
inspection
visual exam of body
laser
device transforms light into beam of intense heat/power; surgery and diagnosis
opthalmoscope
instrument for examining interior of eye
otoscope
instrument to examine ears
palliative therapy
relief but not cure
prognosis
prediction of disease course/outcome
sign
objective evidence of disease is observed/tested (objective symptom, eg fever)
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff
staging
classifying malignant tumors for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
biofeedback
learning control of involuntary physiologic responses;
electronic devices monitor bodily changes, report back to user
naturopathy
people heal themselves with healthy lifestyles
osteopathy
body can overcome diseases when it has normal structure, favorable environment, and proper nutrition
still use standard medical practice otherwise
aer/o
air, gas
bar/o
pressure
chrom/o, chromat/o
color, stain
chron/o
time
cry/o
cold
electr/o
electricity
erg/o
work
phon/o
sound/voice
phot/o
light
radi/o
radiation, x-ray
son/o
sound
therm/o
heat, temperature
-graph
instrument for recording data
-graphy
act of recording data
-gram
record of data
-meter
instrument for measuring
-metry
measurement of
-scope
instrument for viewing or examining
-scopy
examination of
-centesis
puncture, tap
-desis
binding, fusion
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasty
plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction
-rhaphy
surgical repair, suture
-stomy
surgical creation of an opening
-tome
instrument for incising
-tomy
incision, cutting
-tripsy
crushing
clubbing
enlargement of fingers/toes because of soft tissue growth of nails (lung/heart disease)
colic
acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms
syanosis
blue discoloration of skin
diaphoresis
profuse swaeting
malaise
discomfort or uneasiness (indicative of disease)
nocturnal
pertaining to or occurring at night
pallor
paleness, lack of color
proprome
symptom indicating an approaching disease
sequela
lasting effect of a disease
syncope
loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to brain, fainting
AFP
alphafetoprotein
fetal protein that appears in blood of adults with certain cancers
bruit
sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation
facies
expression or appearance of face
febrile
pertaining to fever
nuclear medicine
medicine as it pertains to use of radioactive substances for diagnosis, therapy, and research
radiology
radiation in diagnosis and treatment of disease
radionuclide
substance that gives off radiation
speculum
instrument for examining a canal
syndrome
group of signs/symptoms that together characterize a disease condition
catheter
thin tube passed into body; for fluids to go in/out
clysis
fluid introduced into body NOT orally
irrigation
flushing a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid
lavage
washing out of a cavity, irrigation
normal saline
salt solution compatible with living cells
paracentesis
puncture of cavity for removal of fluid
prophylaxis
prevention of disease
drain
device for allowing matter to escape from wound/cavity
ligature
tie or bandage, process of binding or tying
1°
primary
resection
partial excision of a structure
stapling
joining of tissue by staples; put into tissue then bent
R with circle around it
right
2°
secondary
∆
change
L with circle around it
left
↑
increase(d)
↓
decrease(d)
°
degree
∧
above
∨
below
=
equal to
≠
not equal to
±
doubtful, slight
∼
approximately
x
times
#
number, pound
ADL
activities of daily livingq
BP
blood pressure
bpm
beats per minute
C
celcius (centigrade)
CC
chief complaint
c/o, co
complains of
EOMI
extraocular muscles intact
ETOH
alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
F
fahrenheit
HEENT
head, eyes, ears, nose, throat
HIPPA
heath insurance portability and accountability act
h/o
history of
H&P
history and physical
HPI
history of present illness
HR
heart rate
Hx
history
I&O
intake and output
IPPA
inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
IVDA
intravenous drug abise
NAD
no apparent distress
NKDA
no known drug allergies
P
pulse
PE
physical examination
PE(R)RLA
pupils equal (regular) react to light and accommodation
PMH
past medical history
pt
patient
R
respiration
R/O
rule out
ROS
review of symptoms
T
temp
TPR
temp, pulse, respiration
VS
vital signs
WD
well developed
WNL
within normal limits
w/o
without
y/o, YO
years old, year-old
ABC
aspiration biopsy cytology
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein
BS
bowel sounds, breath sounds
bx
biopsy
CAM
complementary and alternative medicine
Ci
Curie (unit of radioactivity)
C&S
culture and (drug) sensitivity (of bacteria)
CT
computed tomography
D/C, dc
discontinue
Dx
diagnosis
EBL
estimated blood loss
I&D
incision and drainage
MET
metastasis
NCCAM
national center for complementary and alternative medicine
NS, N/S
normal saline
PCA
patient controlled analgesia
PET
positron emission tomography
PICC
peripherally inserted central catheter
PSS
physiologic saline solution
RATx
radiation therapy
Rx
drug, prescription, therapy
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
TNM
(primary) tumor, (regional lymph) nodes, (distant) metastases
AP
anteroposterior
LL
left lateral
PA
posteroanterior
RL
right lateral
AMB
ambulatory
BRP
bathroom privileges
CBR
complete bed rest
KVO
keep vain open
NPO
non per os, nothing by mouth
OOB
out of bed
QNS
quantity not sufficient
QS
quantity sufficient
STAT
immediately
TKO
to keep open
efficacy
effectiveness
contraindications
reasons not to have drug based on personal reasons of a patient
synergy
drug combo that has a greater effect together than when acting by themselves
potenitation
drug combo that has a greater effect together than when acting by themselves
generic name
chemical name of drug, not capitalized
phytomedicine
plant or herbal medicine to treat disease
antagonist
substances interferes or opposes with other drug
potentiation
potency increased by two drugs acting together
absorption
drug taken into circulation by digestive tract or transfer across another membrane
instillation
liquid put into body cavity on surface of body (ear, nose, eye)
sublingual
administered under tongue
topical
applied to skin
transdermal
absorbed through skin
epidural
injected into space between meninges and spine
hypodermoclysis
administration of solution by subcutaneous infusion
ID
intradermal
injected into skin
IM
intramuscular
injected into muscle
IV
intravenous
injected into a vein
spinal
intrathecal
injected through meninges into spinal fluid
SC
subcutaneous, beneath the skin
aerosol
solution dispersed as mist to be inhaled
aqueous solution
substance dissolved into water
elixir
clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid for oral use
emulsion
mixture where one liquid is dispersed but not dissolved in another liquid
suspension
fine particles dispersed in liquid, must shake before use
tincture
substance dissolved in alcoholic solution
suppository
substance mixed and molded with base that melts easily when inserted into body opening
tablet
dose form containing a drug in a pure state or mixed with nonactive ingredient and prepared by compression or molding
ampule
sealed glass container for sterile IV solution
bolus
concentrated diagnostic or therapeutic substance given rapidly through IV
vial
small glass or plastic container
-lytic
dissolving, reducing, loosening
mimetic
mimicking, simulating
-tropic
acting on
hypn/o
sleep
narc/o
stupor
vas/o
vessel
pyr/o, pyret/o
fever
APAP
acetaminophen
ASA
aspirin
ASHP
american society of health system pharmacists
cap
capsule
elix
elixir
INH
isoniazid (antituberculosis drug)
ODS
office of dietary supplements
OTC
over the counter
PDR
physicians’ desk reference
supp
suppository
susp
suspension
tab
tablet
tinct
tincture
ung
ointment
USP
united states pharmacopeia
ā
before (latin, anti)
āā
of each (Greek, ana)
ac
ante cibum, before meals
ad lib
ad libitum, as desired
aq
water, aqua
BID
bis in die, twice a day
_
c
cum, with
DAW
dispense as written
DS
double strength
hs
hora somni, at bedtime
LA
long acting
mcg
microgram
p
after, post
pc
post cibum, after meals
po
per os, by mouth
pp
postprandial, after a meal
prn
pro re nata, as needed
qam
quaque hora meridiem, every morning
qy
quaque hora, every hour
qid
quater in die, four times a day
_
s
sine, latin without
SA
sustained action
SC, SQ
subcutaneously
SL
sublingually
SR
sustained release
__
ss
semis, half
tid
ter in die, three times a day
U
unit
x
times
