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Medical Terminology > Chapter 3 Disease and Treatment > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Disease and Treatment Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

pathogen

A

disease causing agent

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2
Q

parasite

A

lives at expense of another organ

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3
Q

trauma

A

injury

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4
Q

lesion

A

distinct area of damaged tissue; injury or wound

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5
Q

necrosis

A

death of tissue

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6
Q

prolapse

A

dropping

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7
Q

etiology

A

cause of disease

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8
Q

cocci

A

round bacteria, may be in clusters, chains, or other formations

pneumonia, gonorrhea

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9
Q

bacilli

A

rod-shaped bacteria

tetanus, typhoid, salmonella

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10
Q

vibrios

A

short curved rod shaped bacteria

cholera

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11
Q

spirochetes

A

corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with twisting motion

lyme, syphilis

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12
Q

chlamydia

A

SMALL bacteria with complex life cycles that grow in cells

conjunctivitis, trachoma

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13
Q

riskettsia

A

SMALL bacteria that grow in cells

typhus

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14
Q

protozoa

A

single celled animals

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15
Q

helminths

A

worms

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16
Q

sepsis

A

presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the body

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17
Q

how do microorganisms produce disease

A

release of toxins

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18
Q

Signs of inflammation

A

heat
pain
redness
swelling

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19
Q

edema

A

swelling or accumulation of fluid in the tissues

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20
Q

phagocytosis

A

used to rid of harmful microorganisms, damaged cells, and harmful debris

some white blood cells can engulf and destroy internally

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21
Q

pus

A

remains of phagocytic cells, fluid, and white blood cells

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22
Q

immunity

A

all our defenses against infectious disease

eg inflammation/phagocytosis

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23
Q

adaptive immunity

A

immunity we acquire from exposure to disease organisms

natural, vaccine induced

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24
Q

neoplasia

A

abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue

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25
Q

benign

A

neoplasm does not spread

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26
Q

metastasis

A

neoplasm spreading to other tissues

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27
Q

malignant

A

neoplasm can spread to other tissues, also called cancer

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28
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor that involves epithelial tissue

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29
Q

sarcoma

A

neoplasm that involves connective tissue/muscle

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30
Q

cyst

A

sac or pouch filled with fluid/semisolid material, not cancerous. normal bladder/sac

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31
Q

benign

A

not recurrent or malignant, favorable for recovery

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32
Q

gram stain

A

lab divides bacteria into 2 groups; gram pos (purple stain) and gram neg (red stain)

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33
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of organ through abnormal opening, RUPTURE

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34
Q

microorganism

A

organism too small to be seen without microscope

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35
Q

neoplasm

A

tumor, abnormal growth, benign or malignant

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36
Q

parasite

A

organism that grows in host to cause damage

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37
Q

pathogen

A

organism capable of causing disease

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38
Q

prolapse

A

dropping or downward displacement of organ or part

PTOSIS

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39
Q

alg/o

A

pain

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40
Q

algi/o

A

pain

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41
Q

algesi/o

A

pain

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42
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer, carcinoma

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43
Q

cyst/o

A

filled sac/pouch, cyst, bladder

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44
Q

lith

A

calculus, stone

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45
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

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46
Q

path/o

A

disease

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47
Q

py/o

A

pus

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48
Q

pyr/o, pyret/o

A

fever, fire

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49
Q

scler/o

A

hard

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50
Q

tox/o, toxic/o

A

poison

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51
Q

brady-

A

slow

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52
Q

dys-

A

abnormal, painful, difficult

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53
Q

mal-

A

bad, poor

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54
Q

pachy-

A

thich

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55
Q

tachy-

A

rapid

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56
Q

xero-

A

dry

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57
Q

-algia

A

pain

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58
Q

-algesia

A

pain

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59
Q

-cele

A

hernia, localized dilation

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60
Q

-clasis, -clasia

A

breaking

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61
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

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62
Q

-odynia

A

pain

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63
Q

-oma

A

tumor-

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64
Q

-pathy

A

any disease of

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65
Q

-rhage

A

bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage

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66
Q

-rhagia

A

bursting forth, profuse flow, hemorrhage

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67
Q

-rhea

A

flow, discharge

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68
Q

-schisis

A

fissure, splitting

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69
Q

dilation

A

expansion, widening

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70
Q

ectasia, ectasis

A

dilation, distension

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71
Q

lysis

A

separation, loosening, dissolving, distruction

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72
Q

malacia

A

softening

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73
Q

sclerosis

A

hardening

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74
Q

spasm

A

sudden contraction, cramp

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75
Q

stasis

A

suppression, stoppage

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76
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing, constriction

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77
Q

staphylo-

A

grape-like cluster

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78
Q

strepto-

A

chain

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79
Q

bacill/i, bacill/o

A

bacillus

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80
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacterium

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81
Q

myc/o

A

mold

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82
Q

vir/o

A

virus

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83
Q

acid-fast stain

A

lab staining procedure, identify TB

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84
Q

endemic

A

low level but continuous occurrence

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85
Q

epidemic

A

many people in region at same time

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86
Q

exacerbation

A

worsening of disease

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87
Q

iatrogenic

A

caused by effects of treatment

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88
Q

idiopathic

A

no known cause

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89
Q

in situ

A

localized, noninvasive; tumors that do not spread

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90
Q

normal flora

A

The microorganisms that normally live on or in the body and are generally harmless and often
beneficial but can cause disease under special circumstances, such as injury or failure of the immune
system

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91
Q

nosocomial

A

infection acquired in hospital

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92
Q

opportunistic

A

infection that occurs because of host’s poor or altered condition

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93
Q

pandemic

A

disease that goes through entire region or world

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94
Q

remission

A

lessening of disease symptoms

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95
Q

septicemia

A

presence of pathogenic bacteria in blood

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96
Q

systemic

A

pertaining to whole body

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97
Q

abcess

A

collection of pus

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98
Q

adhesion

A

uniting of two surfaces that are normally apart

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99
Q

anaplasia

A

lack of normal differentiation (tumor growth)

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100
Q

ascites

A

accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity

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101
Q

cellulitis

A

spreading inflammation of tissue

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102
Q

effusion

A

escape of fluid into a cavity or other body part

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103
Q

exudate

A

material that escapes from blood vessels as result of injury

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104
Q

fissure

A

groove or split

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105
Q

fistula

A

abnormal passage between organs or from organ to surface of body

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106
Q

gangrene

A

death of tissue by lack of blood supply/infection

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107
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive growth of cells in normal arrangement (can be pathologic)

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108
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size or organ without more cells, can result from exercise (muscles)

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109
Q

induration

A

hardening of spot or place

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110
Q

metaplasia

A

cells converted to form that is not normal for the tissue

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111
Q

polyp

A

tumor attached by thin stalk

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112
Q

purulent

A

containing/forming pus

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113
Q

suppuration

A

pus formation

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114
Q

AF

A

acid fast

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115
Q

CA, Ca

A

cancer

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116
Q

CIS

A

carcinoma in situ

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117
Q

FUO

A

fever of unknown origin

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118
Q

GM+

A

gram positive

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119
Q

GM-

A

gram negative

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120
Q

MDR

A

multidrug resistantM

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121
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

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122
Q

Staph

A

Staphylococcus

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123
Q

strep

A

streptococcus

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124
Q

VRSA

A

vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

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125
Q

inspection

A

visual exam

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126
Q

palpation

A

touching surface of body

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127
Q

percussion

A

tapping to hear sounds

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128
Q

auscultation

A

listening with stethoscope

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129
Q

sphygmomanometer
(sfig-mo-mah-NOM-eh-ter)

A

blood pressure cuff

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130
Q

opthalmoscope

A

eye exam

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131
Q

otoscope

A

ear exam

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132
Q

endoscope

A

instrument used to examine body cavities

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133
Q

biopsy

A

removal of tissue for microscopic examination

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134
Q

radiography

A

use of x-rays for imagery
preferred for dense tissues (bone)

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135
Q

cineradiography

A

motion picture of successive images appearing on fluoroscopic screen

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136
Q

CT scan

A

computed tomography
use of computer to generate image from large number of xrays passed at different angles through body; 3D image of cross-section of body is obtained; better for soft tissue than simple radiography

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137
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging
magnetic field, characteristics of tissue revealed by differences in magnetic properties

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138
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography
sectional body images after administration of radioactively labelled substance (eg glucose), then interpreted by computer to show distribution of substance (blood flow of organ/metabolic activity of organ)

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139
Q

radiography

A

x-rays passed through body to make visual record or radiograph of internal structures (film or digital)

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140
Q

scintigraphy

A

radioactive substance administered with subsequent radiograph

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141
Q

SPECT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

scintigraph technique that permits one to see radioisotope’s cross sectional distribution

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142
Q

ultrasonography

A

also called sonography

visual images from echoes of high frequency sound waves, also called echography

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143
Q

bougie

A

slender, flexible for exploring and dilating tubes

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144
Q

cannula

A

tube enclosing trocar that allows escape of fluid or air after removal of trocar

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145
Q

clamp

A

instrument to compress tissue

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146
Q

curet

A

(curette) spoon shaped for removing tissue from wall of surface

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147
Q

elevator

A

instrument to lift tissue/bone

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148
Q

forceps

A

holding/extracting

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149
Q

gigli saw

A

flexible wire saw

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150
Q

hemostat

A

small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel

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151
Q

rasp

A

surgical file

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152
Q

retractor

A

instrument used to maintain exposure by holding back tissues

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153
Q

rongeur

A

gouge forceps (used to gouge out bone)

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154
Q

scalpel

A

surgical knife with sharp blade

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155
Q

scissors

A

opposing blades

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156
Q

sound

A

instrument for exploring cavity/canal

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157
Q

trocar

A

sharp pointed instrument contained in cannula to puncture a cavity

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158
Q

cautery

A

destruction of tissues by damaging agent (chemical, heat, electric current, cauterization)

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159
Q

chemotherapy

A

use of chemicals to treat disease

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160
Q

endoscope

A

instrument used for viewing body cavities through small incision

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161
Q

excision

A

removal by cutting

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162
Q

fixation

A

holding/fastening a structure in a firm position

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163
Q

grading

A

evaluating a tumor based on microscopic examination

164
Q

immunotherapy

A

treatment by suppressing immune system (specifically or nonspecifically)

165
Q

inspection

A

visual exam of body

166
Q

laser

A

device transforms light into beam of intense heat/power; surgery and diagnosis

167
Q

opthalmoscope

A

instrument for examining interior of eye

168
Q

otoscope

A

instrument to examine ears

169
Q

palliative therapy

A

relief but not cure

170
Q

prognosis

A

prediction of disease course/outcome

171
Q

sign

A

objective evidence of disease is observed/tested (objective symptom, eg fever)

172
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff

173
Q

staging

A

classifying malignant tumors for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis

174
Q

biofeedback

A

learning control of involuntary physiologic responses;
electronic devices monitor bodily changes, report back to user

175
Q

naturopathy

A

people heal themselves with healthy lifestyles

176
Q

osteopathy

A

body can overcome diseases when it has normal structure, favorable environment, and proper nutrition

still use standard medical practice otherwise

177
Q

aer/o

A

air, gas

178
Q

bar/o

A

pressure

179
Q

chrom/o, chromat/o

A

color, stain

180
Q

chron/o

A

time

181
Q

cry/o

A

cold

182
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

183
Q

erg/o

A

work

184
Q

phon/o

A

sound/voice

185
Q

phot/o

A

light

186
Q

radi/o

A

radiation, x-ray

187
Q

son/o

A

sound

188
Q

therm/o

A

heat, temperature

189
Q

-graph

A

instrument for recording data

190
Q

-graphy

A

act of recording data

191
Q

-gram

A

record of data

192
Q

-meter

A

instrument for measuring

193
Q

-metry

A

measurement of

194
Q

-scope

A

instrument for viewing or examining

195
Q

-scopy

A

examination of

196
Q

-centesis

A

puncture, tap

197
Q

-desis

A

binding, fusion

198
Q

-ectomy

A

excision, surgical removal

199
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

200
Q

-plasty

A

plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction

201
Q

-rhaphy

A

surgical repair, suture

202
Q

-stomy

A

surgical creation of an opening

203
Q

-tome

A

instrument for incising

204
Q

-tomy

A

incision, cutting

205
Q

-tripsy

A

crushing

206
Q

clubbing

A

enlargement of fingers/toes because of soft tissue growth of nails (lung/heart disease)

207
Q

colic

A

acute abdominal pain associated with smooth muscle spasms

208
Q

syanosis

A

blue discoloration of skin

209
Q

diaphoresis

A

profuse swaeting

210
Q

malaise

A

discomfort or uneasiness (indicative of disease)

211
Q

nocturnal

A

pertaining to or occurring at night

212
Q

pallor

A

paleness, lack of color

213
Q

proprome

A

symptom indicating an approaching disease

214
Q

sequela

A

lasting effect of a disease

215
Q

syncope

A

loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to brain, fainting

216
Q

AFP

A

alphafetoprotein

fetal protein that appears in blood of adults with certain cancers

217
Q

bruit

A

sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation

218
Q

facies

A

expression or appearance of face

219
Q

febrile

A

pertaining to fever

220
Q

nuclear medicine

A

medicine as it pertains to use of radioactive substances for diagnosis, therapy, and research

221
Q

radiology

A

radiation in diagnosis and treatment of disease

222
Q

radionuclide

A

substance that gives off radiation

223
Q

speculum

A

instrument for examining a canal

224
Q

syndrome

A

group of signs/symptoms that together characterize a disease condition

225
Q

catheter

A

thin tube passed into body; for fluids to go in/out

226
Q

clysis

A

fluid introduced into body NOT orally

227
Q

irrigation

A

flushing a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid

228
Q

lavage

A

washing out of a cavity, irrigation

229
Q

normal saline

A

salt solution compatible with living cells

230
Q

paracentesis

A

puncture of cavity for removal of fluid

231
Q

prophylaxis

A

prevention of disease

232
Q

drain

A

device for allowing matter to escape from wound/cavity

233
Q

ligature

A

tie or bandage, process of binding or tying

234
Q

1°

A

primary

234
Q

resection

A

partial excision of a structure

234
Q

stapling

A

joining of tissue by staples; put into tissue then bent

234
Q

R with circle around it

A

right

234
Q

2°

A

secondary

235
Q

∆

A

change

235
Q

L with circle around it

A

left

236
Q

↑

A

increase(d)

237
Q

↓

A

decrease(d)

238
Q

°

A

degree

239
Q

∧

A

above

240
Q

∨

A

below

241
Q

=

A

equal to

242
Q

≠

A

not equal to

243
Q

±

A

doubtful, slight

244
Q

∼

A

approximately

245
Q

x

A

times

246
Q

#

A

number, pound

247
Q

ADL

A

activities of daily livingq

248
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

249
Q

bpm

A

beats per minute

250
Q

C

A

celcius (centigrade)

251
Q

CC

A

chief complaint

252
Q

c/o, co

A

complains of

253
Q

EOMI

A

extraocular muscles intact

254
Q

ETOH

A

alcohol (ethyl alcohol)

255
Q

F

A

fahrenheit

256
Q

HEENT

A

head, eyes, ears, nose, throat

257
Q

HIPPA

A

heath insurance portability and accountability act

258
Q

h/o

A

history of

259
Q

H&P

A

history and physical

260
Q

HPI

A

history of present illness

261
Q

HR

A

heart rate

262
Q

Hx

A

history

263
Q

I&O

A

intake and output

264
Q

IPPA

A

inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation

265
Q

IVDA

A

intravenous drug abise

266
Q

NAD

A

no apparent distress

267
Q

NKDA

A

no known drug allergies

268
Q

P

A

pulse

269
Q

PE

A

physical examination

270
Q

PE(R)RLA

A

pupils equal (regular) react to light and accommodation

271
Q

PMH

A

past medical history

272
Q

pt

A

patient

273
Q

R

A

respiration

274
Q

R/O

A

rule out

275
Q

ROS

A

review of symptoms

276
Q

T

A

temp

277
Q

TPR

A

temp, pulse, respiration

278
Q

VS

A

vital signs

279
Q

WD

A

well developed

280
Q

WNL

A

within normal limits

281
Q

w/o

A

without

282
Q

y/o, YO

A

years old, year-old

283
Q

ABC

A

aspiration biopsy cytology

284
Q

AFP

A

alpha-fetoprotein

285
Q

BS

A

bowel sounds, breath sounds

286
Q

bx

A

biopsy

287
Q

CAM

A

complementary and alternative medicine

288
Q

Ci

A

Curie (unit of radioactivity)

289
Q

C&S

A

culture and (drug) sensitivity (of bacteria)

290
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

291
Q

D/C, dc

A

discontinue

292
Q

Dx

A

diagnosis

293
Q

EBL

A

estimated blood loss

294
Q

I&D

A

incision and drainage

295
Q

MET

A

metastasis

296
Q

NCCAM

A

national center for complementary and alternative medicine

297
Q

NS, N/S

A

normal saline

298
Q

PCA

A

patient controlled analgesia

299
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

300
Q

PICC

A

peripherally inserted central catheter

301
Q

PSS

A

physiologic saline solution

302
Q

RATx

A

radiation therapy

303
Q

Rx

A

drug, prescription, therapy

304
Q

SPECT

A

single-photon emission computed tomography

305
Q

TNM

A

(primary) tumor, (regional lymph) nodes, (distant) metastases

306
Q

AP

A

anteroposterior

307
Q

LL

A

left lateral

308
Q

PA

A

posteroanterior

309
Q

RL

A

right lateral

310
Q

AMB

A

ambulatory

311
Q

BRP

A

bathroom privileges

312
Q

CBR

A

complete bed rest

313
Q

KVO

A

keep vain open

314
Q

NPO

A

non per os, nothing by mouth

315
Q

OOB

A

out of bed

316
Q

QNS

A

quantity not sufficient

317
Q

QS

A

quantity sufficient

318
Q

STAT

A

immediately

319
Q

TKO

A

to keep open

320
Q

efficacy

A

effectiveness

321
Q

contraindications

A

reasons not to have drug based on personal reasons of a patient

322
Q

synergy

A

drug combo that has a greater effect together than when acting by themselves

323
Q

potenitation

A

drug combo that has a greater effect together than when acting by themselves

324
Q

generic name

A

chemical name of drug, not capitalized

325
Q

phytomedicine

A

plant or herbal medicine to treat disease

326
Q

antagonist

A

substances interferes or opposes with other drug

327
Q

potentiation

A

potency increased by two drugs acting together

328
Q

absorption

A

drug taken into circulation by digestive tract or transfer across another membrane

329
Q

instillation

A

liquid put into body cavity on surface of body (ear, nose, eye)

330
Q

sublingual

A

administered under tongue

331
Q

topical

A

applied to skin

332
Q

transdermal

A

absorbed through skin

333
Q

epidural

A

injected into space between meninges and spine

334
Q

hypodermoclysis

A

administration of solution by subcutaneous infusion

335
Q

ID

A

intradermal

injected into skin

336
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

injected into muscle

337
Q

IV

A

intravenous

injected into a vein

338
Q

spinal

A

intrathecal

injected through meninges into spinal fluid

339
Q

SC

A

subcutaneous, beneath the skin

340
Q

aerosol

A

solution dispersed as mist to be inhaled

341
Q

aqueous solution

A

substance dissolved into water

342
Q

elixir

A

clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic liquid for oral use

343
Q

emulsion

A

mixture where one liquid is dispersed but not dissolved in another liquid

344
Q

suspension

A

fine particles dispersed in liquid, must shake before use

345
Q

tincture

A

substance dissolved in alcoholic solution

346
Q

suppository

A

substance mixed and molded with base that melts easily when inserted into body opening

347
Q

tablet

A

dose form containing a drug in a pure state or mixed with nonactive ingredient and prepared by compression or molding

348
Q

ampule

A

sealed glass container for sterile IV solution

349
Q

bolus

A

concentrated diagnostic or therapeutic substance given rapidly through IV

350
Q

vial

A

small glass or plastic container

351
Q

-lytic

A

dissolving, reducing, loosening

352
Q

mimetic

A

mimicking, simulating

353
Q

-tropic

A

acting on

354
Q

hypn/o

A

sleep

355
Q

narc/o

A

stupor

356
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

357
Q

pyr/o, pyret/o

A

fever

358
Q

APAP

A

acetaminophen

359
Q

ASA

A

aspirin

360
Q

ASHP

A

american society of health system pharmacists

361
Q

cap

A

capsule

362
Q

elix

A

elixir

363
Q

INH

A

isoniazid (antituberculosis drug)

364
Q

ODS

A

office of dietary supplements

365
Q

OTC

A

over the counter

366
Q

PDR

A

physicians’ desk reference

367
Q

supp

A

suppository

368
Q

susp

A

suspension

369
Q

tab

A

tablet

370
Q

tinct

A

tincture

371
Q

ung

A

ointment

372
Q

USP

A

united states pharmacopeia

373
Q

ā

A

before (latin, anti)

374
Q

āā

A

of each (Greek, ana)

375
Q

ac

A

ante cibum, before meals

376
Q

ad lib

A

ad libitum, as desired

377
Q

aq

A

water, aqua

378
Q

BID

A

bis in die, twice a day

379
Q

_
c

A

cum, with

380
Q

DAW

A

dispense as written

381
Q

DS

A

double strength

382
Q

hs

A

hora somni, at bedtime

383
Q

LA

A

long acting

384
Q

mcg

A

microgram

385
Q

p

A

after, post

386
Q

pc

A

post cibum, after meals

387
Q

po

A

per os, by mouth

388
Q

pp

A

postprandial, after a meal

389
Q

prn

A

pro re nata, as needed

390
Q

qam

A

quaque hora meridiem, every morning

391
Q

qy

A

quaque hora, every hour

392
Q

qid

A

quater in die, four times a day

393
Q

_
s

A

sine, latin without

394
Q

SA

A

sustained action

395
Q

SC, SQ

A

subcutaneously

396
Q

SL

A

sublingually

397
Q

SR

A

sustained release

398
Q

__
ss

A

semis, half

399
Q

tid

A

ter in die, three times a day

400
Q

U

A

unit

401
Q

x

A

times

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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