Chapter 5 Skeletal System Flashcards
axis of skeleton
skull and vertebrae
cervical vertebrae
c1-c7 (first=atlas, second-axis)
thorax
12 pairs of ribs joined at sternum
thoracic vertebrae
t1-t12
lumbar vertebrae
L1-L5
coccyx
four to five fused bones
sternum
breastbone
appendicular skeleton
appended to axial
-shoulder
-upper extremities
lower division
pelvic bones
legs
pelvis
joins the sacrum and coccyx
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis
os coxae
pelvic/hip bone
acetabulum
deep socket in hip
cranium
houses brain, ear, and eye sockets
hand bones
carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
foot bones
tarsals, meta tarsals, phalanges
osteoblasts
cells that produce bone
cartilage
dense connective tissue, bone formed when calcium and phosphorous is added to it
ossification
bone forming, begins before birth and continues into adulthood
collagen
fibrous protein, give bone strength and resilience
is bone living?
YES!!!! it is constantly being replaced and remodeled
osteocytes
mature bone cells that help to maintain bone tissue
osteoclasts
breakdown of bone to release minerals or reshape/repair
resorption
destroying bone so that components are taken into circulation
normal if in balance with bone formation
abnormal resorption?
if greater or less than that of bone growth
long bone structure
diaphysis - compact bone
medulla - cavity with bone marrow
epiphysis - spongy bone at end where blood is formed
diaphysis
portion of compact bone
medulla
cavity within bone with bone marrow (fatty)
epiphysis
spongy bone at ends, produces BLOOD
periosteum
thin layer of fibrous tissue that covers outer layer of bone
nourishes and protects the bone
generates new bone cells for growth/repair
metaphysis
growth region (epiphyseal plate)
calcifies after growth is final
epiphyseal plate
growth region (metaphysis
flat bones
cranial, ribs, scapulae
short bones
carpal/tarsal
irregular
facial, vertebrae
joints
articulations
suture
immovable joint (think skull)
symphysis
slightly movable (vertebrae, pubis)
synovial
diarthrosis
freely movable
tendon
attaches muscles to bones to produce movement at joints
diarthrosis
freely movable joint
synovial fluid
cavity of diarthrotic/synovial joint
cushions and lubricates
produced by synovial membrane
ligaments
stabilize synovial/diarthrotic joints
connect articulating bones
bursa
small sac of synovial fluid
cushions area around joint
found at stress points between tendons, ligaments, and bones
acetabulum
bony socket in hip that holds femur
articulation
joint
atlas
first vertebrae of cervix
axis
second vertebrae of cervix
bone marrow
soft material that fills bone cavities
yellow marrow fills medulla of long bone
red marrow forms blood in spongy
ilium
large flared superior part of pelvic bone
skeleton
206 b ones
axial skeleton
80 bones
skull, spine, ribs, sternum
appendicular skeleton
126 bones
arms, legs, shoulder, pelvis
tendon
attaches muscle to bone
thorax
upper trunk
12 ribs and sternum
oste/o
bone
myel/o
bone marrow
spinal cord
chondr/o
cartilage
arthr/o
joint
synov/i
synovial/diarthrotic joint
membrane
burs/o
bursa
crani/o
skull, cranium
spondyl/o
vertebrae
vertebr/o
vertebrae, spinal column
rachi/o
spine
cost/o
rib
sacr/o
sacrum
coccy
coccyx
coccyg/o
coccyx
pelvi/o
pelvis
ili/o
ilium
orthopedics
medical specialty that concentrates on diseases of skeletal and MUSCULAR system
alkaline phosphatase
enzyme needed for bone calcification
higher levels indicate chondrosarcoma
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone by pus-forming bacteria
enter thru wound/blood
goes to blood rich end of bones and spreads
ANTIBIOTICS
pott disease
tuberculosis of spine
weakened vertebrae may collapse and cause pain/deformity
fracture
break in bone
reduction
bone is realigned after fracture
closed reduction
no surgery required for fracture
open reduction
surgery is required for proper reduction of fracture
traction
pulleys and weights used to maintain alignment of bone after fracture
osteoporosis
bone mass loss, often age/estrogen loss related
biphosphates
medication to increase bone density and prevent osteoporosis
use w caution, associated with bad stuffs
SERMs
selective estrogen receptor modulators
helps with bone density
closed fracture
no open wound, simple
colles fracture
fracture of distal end of radius with backward displacement of hand
comminuted fracture
COM-ih-nu-ted
fracture where bone is splintered or crushed
compression fracture
force from both ends
think vertebrae squished
greenstick fracture
one side of bone broken the other bent
impacted fracture
one part of bone pushed into other part
oblique fracture
break occurs at an angle (usually slippage)
open fracture
open wound
pott fracture
distal end of fibula and tibial joint is injured
spiral fracture
fracture in spiral or S shape (twisting)
transverse fracture
break at right angles to long axis of bone (diaphysis)
osteopenia
lower than average bone density that is NOT ABNORMAL
may lead to osteoporosis
osteomalacia
softening of bone tissue (less calcium salt)
rickets
osteomalacia in children
pagets disease
OLD AGE - thick irregular bones
axial, pain, fractures, hearing loss
osteogenic sarcome
metaphyseal/epiphyseal plate region
KNEE
MALIGNANT/AMPUTATION
chrondosarcoma
midlife
cartilage, goes to lungs, amputation
arthritis
inflammation of joint
OA
osteoarthritis
degeneration of articular cartilage bc of wear and tear
bone thickening
NSAIDS, CORTICOSTEROIDS
DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE
DJD
degenerative joint disease, also OA
arthrocentesis
draining of excess fluid from joint
OA/DJD
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
inflammatory joint
young women
synovial joint overgrowth
ankylosis
fusion of bones, happens with RA
gout
increased uric acids in blood which goes to joints
big toe pain
arthroscopy
endoscope used to examine joint interior
removal/repair
arthroplasty
joint reconstruction/replacement
arthrodesis
fusion of bones LOSS OF MOBILITY
LAST RESORT
ankylosing spondylitis
disease of spine
discs destroyed and calcify to form ankylosis (fusion)
start low in spine
ankylosis
fusion of bones
spondylotilstesis
forward sliding of top vertebra
-listhesis
a slipping
spondylolysis
degeneration of joint structures that stabilize vertebrae
herniated disk
nucleus pulposus protrudes through disk weakened outer ring into spinal canal
injury/lifting
PAIN
sciatica
pain along sciatic nerve in thigh
diskectomy
removal of disk (OR PART OF) and sometimes with vertebral fusion
kyphosis
exaggerated curve in thoracic region
hunchback
lordosis
exaggerate curve of lumbar
swayback
scoliosis
sideways curve of spine
traction
drawing/pulling (traction of head in treatment to cervical vertebrae)
skull
cranial bones (8)
facial bones (14)
coccyx
4 pr 5 fused vertebrae
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
how many ribs
12
lamina
part of vertebrae posterior to spinous process
body of vert
posterior body
transverse process
two lateral
spinal canal
hole in middle of v
how many cervical nerve pairs?
8
atlanto-occipital joint
c1 and occipital condyles
atlanto-axial joint
c1 and c2
dens
body of atlas
spine rotation
50% atlas/axis
50%c3-c7
thoracic spine
12, stiff b/c of ribcage, thinner disks
sacral ala
lateral, articulates with ilium
shoulder girdle
clavicle scapula
ishium
inferior to ilium
pelvis made from
ilium ishium pubis
how many tarsals
7
how many phalanges
14
MTP
metatarsophalangeal joints
MCP
metacarpophalangeal joint
IP
interphalangeal joints
- pip proximal
- dip distal
CMC
carpometacarpal joint
DRUJ
distal radioulnar joint
femoral head
bulb of femur
femoral neck
connects head to rest of bone
greater trochanter
bigger bump lateral to head
lesser trochanter
smaller bump medial and lower than head
condyles
on distal portion, each projection
pediatric fractures
not always visible on xray (if on growth plate can cause growth arrest)
buckle/torus and greensticj
DEXA scan
bone density
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
what joints involved in RA
ip, mcp, mtp