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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Skeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

axis of skeleton

A

skull and vertebrae

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2
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

c1-c7 (first=atlas, second-axis)

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3
Q

thorax

A

12 pairs of ribs joined at sternum

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4
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

t1-t12

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5
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5

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6
Q

coccyx

A

four to five fused bones

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7
Q

sternum

A

breastbone

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8
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

appended to axial
-shoulder
-upper extremities

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9
Q

lower division

A

pelvic bones
legs

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10
Q

pelvis

A

joins the sacrum and coccyx
- ilium
- ischium
- pubis

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11
Q

os coxae

A

pelvic/hip bone

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12
Q

acetabulum

A

deep socket in hip

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13
Q

cranium

A

houses brain, ear, and eye sockets

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14
Q

hand bones

A

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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15
Q

foot bones

A

tarsals, meta tarsals, phalanges

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16
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that produce bone

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17
Q

cartilage

A

dense connective tissue, bone formed when calcium and phosphorous is added to it

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18
Q

ossification

A

bone forming, begins before birth and continues into adulthood

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19
Q

collagen

A

fibrous protein, give bone strength and resilience

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20
Q

is bone living?

A

YES!!!! it is constantly being replaced and remodeled

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21
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells that help to maintain bone tissue

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22
Q

osteoclasts

A

breakdown of bone to release minerals or reshape/repair

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23
Q

resorption

A

destroying bone so that components are taken into circulation

normal if in balance with bone formation

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24
Q

abnormal resorption?

A

if greater or less than that of bone growth

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25
Q

long bone structure

A

diaphysis - compact bone

medulla - cavity with bone marrow

epiphysis - spongy bone at end where blood is formed

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26
Q

diaphysis

A

portion of compact bone

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27
Q

medulla

A

cavity within bone with bone marrow (fatty)

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28
Q

epiphysis

A

spongy bone at ends, produces BLOOD

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29
Q

periosteum

A

thin layer of fibrous tissue that covers outer layer of bone

nourishes and protects the bone

generates new bone cells for growth/repair

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30
Q

metaphysis

A

growth region (epiphyseal plate)

calcifies after growth is final

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31
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth region (metaphysis

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32
Q

flat bones

A

cranial, ribs, scapulae

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33
Q

short bones

A

carpal/tarsal

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34
Q

irregular

A

facial, vertebrae

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35
Q

joints

A

articulations

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36
Q

suture

A

immovable joint (think skull)

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37
Q

symphysis

A

slightly movable (vertebrae, pubis)

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38
Q

synovial

A

diarthrosis

freely movable

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39
Q

tendon

A

attaches muscles to bones to produce movement at joints

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40
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable joint

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41
Q

synovial fluid

A

cavity of diarthrotic/synovial joint

cushions and lubricates

produced by synovial membrane

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42
Q

ligaments

A

stabilize synovial/diarthrotic joints

connect articulating bones

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43
Q

bursa

A

small sac of synovial fluid

cushions area around joint

found at stress points between tendons, ligaments, and bones

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44
Q

acetabulum

A

bony socket in hip that holds femur

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45
Q

articulation

A

joint

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46
Q

atlas

A

first vertebrae of cervix

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47
Q

axis

A

second vertebrae of cervix

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48
Q

bone marrow

A

soft material that fills bone cavities

yellow marrow fills medulla of long bone

red marrow forms blood in spongy

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49
Q

ilium

A

large flared superior part of pelvic bone

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50
Q

skeleton

A

206 b ones

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51
Q

axial skeleton

A

80 bones

skull, spine, ribs, sternum

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52
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones

arms, legs, shoulder, pelvis

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53
Q

tendon

A

attaches muscle to bone

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54
Q

thorax

A

upper trunk

12 ribs and sternum

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55
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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56
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

spinal cord

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57
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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58
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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59
Q

synov/i

A

synovial/diarthrotic joint

membrane

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60
Q

burs/o

A

bursa

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61
Q

crani/o

A

skull, cranium

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62
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebrae

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63
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebrae, spinal column

64
Q

rachi/o

A

spine

65
Q

cost/o

A

rib

66
Q

sacr/o

A

sacrum

67
Q

coccy

A

coccyx

68
Q

coccyg/o

A

coccyx

69
Q

pelvi/o

A

pelvis

70
Q

ili/o

A

ilium

71
Q

orthopedics

A

medical specialty that concentrates on diseases of skeletal and MUSCULAR system

72
Q

alkaline phosphatase

A

enzyme needed for bone calcification

higher levels indicate chondrosarcoma

73
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone by pus-forming bacteria

enter thru wound/blood

goes to blood rich end of bones and spreads

ANTIBIOTICS

74
Q

pott disease

A

tuberculosis of spine

weakened vertebrae may collapse and cause pain/deformity

75
Q

fracture

A

break in bone

76
Q

reduction

A

bone is realigned after fracture

77
Q

closed reduction

A

no surgery required for fracture

78
Q

open reduction

A

surgery is required for proper reduction of fracture

79
Q

traction

A

pulleys and weights used to maintain alignment of bone after fracture

80
Q

osteoporosis

A

bone mass loss, often age/estrogen loss related

81
Q

biphosphates

A

medication to increase bone density and prevent osteoporosis

use w caution, associated with bad stuffs

82
Q

SERMs

A

selective estrogen receptor modulators

helps with bone density

83
Q

closed fracture

A

no open wound, simple

84
Q

colles fracture

A

fracture of distal end of radius with backward displacement of hand

85
Q

comminuted fracture

COM-ih-nu-ted

A

fracture where bone is splintered or crushed

86
Q

compression fracture

A

force from both ends

think vertebrae squished

87
Q

greenstick fracture

A

one side of bone broken the other bent

88
Q

impacted fracture

A

one part of bone pushed into other part

89
Q

oblique fracture

A

break occurs at an angle (usually slippage)

90
Q

open fracture

A

open wound

91
Q

pott fracture

A

distal end of fibula and tibial joint is injured

92
Q

spiral fracture

A

fracture in spiral or S shape (twisting)

93
Q

transverse fracture

A

break at right angles to long axis of bone (diaphysis)

94
Q

osteopenia

A

lower than average bone density that is NOT ABNORMAL

may lead to osteoporosis

95
Q

osteomalacia

A

softening of bone tissue (less calcium salt)

96
Q

rickets

A

osteomalacia in children

97
Q

pagets disease

A

OLD AGE - thick irregular bones

axial, pain, fractures, hearing loss

98
Q

osteogenic sarcome

A

metaphyseal/epiphyseal plate region

KNEE

MALIGNANT/AMPUTATION

99
Q

chrondosarcoma

A

midlife

cartilage, goes to lungs, amputation

100
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of joint

101
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

degeneration of articular cartilage bc of wear and tear

bone thickening

NSAIDS, CORTICOSTEROIDS

DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE

102
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disease, also OA

103
Q

arthrocentesis

A

draining of excess fluid from joint

OA/DJD

104
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

inflammatory joint

young women

synovial joint overgrowth

105
Q

ankylosis

A

fusion of bones, happens with RA

106
Q

gout

A

increased uric acids in blood which goes to joints

big toe pain

107
Q

arthroscopy

A

endoscope used to examine joint interior

removal/repair

108
Q

arthroplasty

A

joint reconstruction/replacement

109
Q

arthrodesis

A

fusion of bones LOSS OF MOBILITY

LAST RESORT

110
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

disease of spine

discs destroyed and calcify to form ankylosis (fusion)

start low in spine

111
Q

ankylosis

A

fusion of bones

112
Q

spondylotilstesis

A

forward sliding of top vertebra

113
Q

-listhesis

A

a slipping

114
Q

spondylolysis

A

degeneration of joint structures that stabilize vertebrae

115
Q

herniated disk

A

nucleus pulposus protrudes through disk weakened outer ring into spinal canal

injury/lifting

PAIN

116
Q

sciatica

A

pain along sciatic nerve in thigh

117
Q

diskectomy

A

removal of disk (OR PART OF) and sometimes with vertebral fusion

118
Q

kyphosis

A

exaggerated curve in thoracic region

hunchback

119
Q

lordosis

A

exaggerate curve of lumbar

swayback

120
Q

scoliosis

A

sideways curve of spine

121
Q

traction

A

drawing/pulling (traction of head in treatment to cervical vertebrae)

122
Q

skull

A

cranial bones (8)
facial bones (14)

123
Q

coccyx

A

4 pr 5 fused vertebrae

124
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

125
Q

how many ribs

A

12

126
Q

lamina

A

part of vertebrae posterior to spinous process

127
Q

body of vert

A

posterior body

128
Q

transverse process

A

two lateral

129
Q

spinal canal

A

hole in middle of v

130
Q

how many cervical nerve pairs?

A

8

131
Q

atlanto-occipital joint

A

c1 and occipital condyles

132
Q

atlanto-axial joint

A

c1 and c2

133
Q

dens

A

body of atlas

134
Q

spine rotation

A

50% atlas/axis
50%c3-c7

135
Q

thoracic spine

A

12, stiff b/c of ribcage, thinner disks

136
Q

sacral ala

A

lateral, articulates with ilium

137
Q

shoulder girdle

A

clavicle scapula

138
Q

ishium

A

inferior to ilium

139
Q

pelvis made from

A

ilium ishium pubis

140
Q

how many tarsals

A

7

141
Q

how many phalanges

A

14

142
Q

MTP

A

metatarsophalangeal joints

143
Q

MCP

A

metacarpophalangeal joint

144
Q

IP

A

interphalangeal joints
- pip proximal
- dip distal

145
Q

CMC

A

carpometacarpal joint

146
Q

DRUJ

A

distal radioulnar joint

147
Q

femoral head

A

bulb of femur

148
Q

femoral neck

A

connects head to rest of bone

149
Q

greater trochanter

A

bigger bump lateral to head

150
Q

lesser trochanter

A

smaller bump medial and lower than head

151
Q

condyles

A

on distal portion, each projection

152
Q

pediatric fractures

A

not always visible on xray (if on growth plate can cause growth arrest)

buckle/torus and greensticj

153
Q

DEXA scan

A

bone density

154
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

155
Q

what joints involved in RA

A

ip, mcp, mtp

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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